Mindmap
CELLS
Inhalt der Mindmap
CELLS
Prokaryotic
- lack membrane enclosed nucleus
- bacteria
- can be divided into
- cell envelope
- includes
- plasma membrane
- can form
- mesosomes
- internal pouches
- increase surface area for the attachment of enzymes
- internal pouches
- mesosomes
- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- can form
- cell wall
- when present
- maintains the shape
- when present
- glycocalyx
- is a
- layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall
- when it is well organized it is called a
- capsule
- when it is not well organized
- slime layer
- easily removed
- slime layer
- hard to remove
- when it is not well organized
- capsule
- when it is well organized it is called a
- layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall
- is a
- plasma membrane
- includes
- cytoplasm
- semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane
- DNA
- is found in
- single coiled chromosome
- located in
- nucleoid
- extrachromosomal pieces of DNA
- are called
- plasmids
- which are used in
- biotechnology
- as a
- molecular vehicle
- also called a
- vector
- also called a
- molecular vehicle
- as a
- biotechnology
- to transport DNA from different organisms
- which are used in
- plasmids
- are called
- extrachromosomal pieces of DNA
- nucleoid
- located in
- single coiled chromosome
- are synthesized on
- ribosomes
- proteins encoded by the bacterial DNA
- they contain
- RNA and 2 subunits
- cyanobacteria
- are
- bacteria capable of photosynthesis
- there cytoplasm contains
- intense internal membranes
- called
- thylakoids
- this is where
- chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for the production of carbohydrates
- this is where
- thylakoids
- called
- intense internal membranes
- there cytoplasm contains
- bacteria capable of photosynthesis
- are called the
- blue-green bacteria
- are
- cyanobacteria
- RNA and 2 subunits
- they contain
- proteins encoded by the bacterial DNA
- ribosomes
- is found in
- DNA
- semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane
- appendages
- flagella, fimbriae, and conjugation pili
- are made of
- protein
- flagella
- are
- motile bacteria that can propel themselves in water by appendages
- another appendage
- fimbriae
- are
- small bristlelike fibers that sprout from cell surface
- involved in locomotion
- are
- conjugation pili
- are
- rigid tubular structures used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell
- are
- fimbriae
- another appendage
- motile bacteria that can propel themselves in water by appendages
- are
- flagella
- protein
- are made of
- flagella, fimbriae, and conjugation pili
- cell envelope
- can be divided into
- bacteria
- most abundant
- have an
- average size of 1.1um wide and 2-6 um long
- most common shapes are
- bacillus
- are
- rod shaped
- are
- coccus
- are
- spherical
- are
- spirilla
- are
- spirals
- are
- bacillus
- most common shapes are
- average size of 1.1um wide and 2-6 um long
- are made up of
- ribosome
- site of protein synthesis
- inclusion body
- stored nutrients
- mesosome
- plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area
- fimbriae
- hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to the surface
- conjugation pilus
- elongated hollow appendage used for DNA transfer to the other bacterial cells
- nucleoid
- location of the bacterial chromosome
- plasma membrane
- sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit
- cell wall
- covering that supports shapes and protects cell
- glycocalyx
- gel like coating outside cell wall, if compact- capsule, if diffuse- slime layer
- flagellum
- rotating filament that pushes the cell forward
- ribosome
- lack membrane enclosed nucleus
smallest living unit of matter
eukaryotic
- origin
- endosymbiotic theory
- which explains
- why mitochondria and chloroplast are bounded together by a double membrane and contain their own genetic material separate from the nucleus
- which explains
- endosymbiotic theory
- has nucleus
- that is
- essential to the life of the cell
- contains
- genetic information
- nucleus contains
- chromatin
- in a matrix called
- nucleoplasm
- undergoes coiling into rodlike structures
- called
- chromosomes
- carriers of genetic information
- life is only possible because of the constant input of energy
- by
- mitochondria and chloroplasts
- they
- specialize in converting energy to a form that can be used by the cell
- in cellular respiration
- mitochondria break down carbohydrate-derived products to produce ATP
- chloroplast
- is a
- plastid
- are plant organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and have varied functions
- chromoplasts
- are responsible for the color of autumn leaves, fruits, carrots
- leucoplasts
- colorless plastids that synthesize and store starches and oils
- leucoplasts
- are responsible for the color of autumn leaves, fruits, carrots
- chromoplasts
- are plant organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and have varied functions
- plastid
- is a
- chloroplast
- mitochondria break down carbohydrate-derived products to produce ATP
- in cellular respiration
- specialize in converting energy to a form that can be used by the cell
- they
- mitochondria and chloroplasts
- by
- life is only possible because of the constant input of energy
- carriers of genetic information
- chromosomes
- called
- in a matrix called
- chromatin
- nucleus contains
- genetic information
- contains
- essential to the life of the cell
- that is
- compartments of cells are called
- organelles
- carry out specialized functions that together allow the cell to be more efficient
- materials are transported by
- vesicles
- move through the
- cytoskeleton
- the protein fibers serve as a tracks for transport vesicles
- protein sequence of events is dogma of molecular biology
- vesicles travling
- may return to ER or plasma membrane where they discharge their contents to the outside of the cell
- during
- secretion
- is termed
- exocytosis because the substance exits cytoplasm
- lysosomes (stomach)
- are
- membrane bonded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus
- have a
- low PH level and store powerful hydrolytic digestive enzymes in an inactive state
- have a
- membrane bonded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus
- white blood cells have a greater proportion of lysosomes than other cells because of their specialized function is digestion of foreign bodies
- can cause
- nerve cells to die off
- tay-sachs disease
- nerve cells to die off
- can cause
- similar to is a
- peroxisomes
- are
- metabolic assistants
- can cause
- neurological damage
- adrenoleukodystrophy
- neurological damage
- can cause
- metabolic assistants
- are
- peroxisomes
- are
- lysosomes (stomach)
- exocytosis because the substance exits cytoplasm
- is termed
- secretion
- during
- may return to ER or plasma membrane where they discharge their contents to the outside of the cell
- vesicles travling
- protein sequence of events is dogma of molecular biology
- the protein fibers serve as a tracks for transport vesicles
- cytoskeleton
- larger than vesicles are
- vacuoles
- membranous sacs
- rids cell of access water
- stores substances
- essential to plant fuction
- control vacuole
- maintains hydrostatic/turgor pressure in plants
- which
- provides structural support
- which
- maintains hydrostatic/turgor pressure in plants
- control vacuole
- essential to plant fuction
- stores substances
- rids cell of access water
- membranous sacs
- vacuoles
- move through the
- vesicles
- materials are transported by
- carry out specialized functions that together allow the cell to be more efficient
- organelles
- organelles that make up eukaryotic cells
- plasma membrane
- outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules
- cytoskeleton
- maintains cell shape and assists in movement of cell parts
- microtubules
- protein cylinders that move organelles
- intermediate filaments
- protein fibers that provide stability of shape
- actin filamen
- protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape
- centrioles
- short cylinders of microtubules
- centrosome
- microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles
- lysosome
- vesicle that digests macromolecules and cell parts
- vesicle
- small membrane bounded sacs that stores and transports substances
- cytoplasm
- semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organells
- nucleus
- command center of cell
- chromatin
- diffuse threads containing DNA and protein
- nucleolus
- region that produces and subunits of ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- protein and lipid metabolism
- rough ER
- studded with ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules, forms glycoproteins
- smooth ER
- lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules, helps produce more lipids
- peroxisome
- vesicle that is involved in fatty acid metabolism
- ribosomes
- particles that carry our protein synthesis
- polyribosome
- strings of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing same protiens
- mitochondrion
- carries out cellular respiration producing ATP
- Golgi apparatus
- processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins
- in plants
- nuclear pore
- permits passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of nucleus (gate keeper)
- centrosome
- microtubule organizing center(lacks centrioles
- central vacuole
- large fluid filled sac that stores metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressure
- middle lamella
- cements together the primary cell walls of adjacent plant cells
- chloroplast
- carries out photosynthesis producing sugars
- granum
- stack of chlorophyll containing thylakoids in a chloroplast
- microtubules
- protein cylinders that aid movement of organelles
- plasma membrane
- surrounds cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit
- cell wall
- outer surface that shapes supports and protects cell
- nuclear pore
- 20nm by30 nm
- helps detoxify drugs
- 5um
- produced by the Golgi apparatus
- plasma membrane
- origin
archeans
- possess both qualities