Memory

Memory

1. Characteristics

   • Duration
     • Peterson and Peterson (TRIGRAMS)
       • LAB EXPERIMENT
         • 3,6,9,12,15+18 sec intervals
           • PREVENTS VERBAL REHEARSAL
           • 3 secs - 90%
             • 9 secs - 20%
               • 18 secs - 2%
   • Encoding
     • Baddeley
       • LAB EXPERIMENT
         • list of acoustic dis/similar words + semantic dis/similar words
           • STM - Acoustically similar
             • LTM - Semantically similar
   • Capacity
     • Jacobs
       • Digit span = 9 items
         • Letter span = 7 items
           • 26 letters
         • 10 numbers
       • Digit span increases with age
         • gradual increase in brain capacity
           • People develop brain strategies (chunking)
     • Miller
       • 7+-2 items

2. Models of Memory

   • MSM
     • Glanzer + Cuntiz
       • List of words
         • Recalled 1st = PRIMACY EFFECT (transfered to lTM)
           • Recalled last = RECENCY EFFECT (STM when recalling words)
     • Case study of HM
       • ability to form new LTM's was impaired, hippocamus removed
   • WMM
     • Baddeley + Hitch
       • Performance slower when performing task using central executive + 2nd task central executive and phonological loop
     • Baddeley
       • Difficulty doing 2 visual tasks (tracking light and describing F) than visual + verbal task

3. EWT

   • Anxiety
     • Deffenbacher
       • META ANALYSIS 18 STUDIES
         • stress had negative impact on accuracy
           • Anxiety may enhance accuracy of recall
     • Johnson + Scoot
       • WEAPON FOCUS EFFECT
         • 2 conditions
           • Group 1 - man with greasy pen
             • 49% correctly identified the man
           • Group 2 - man with bloody knife
             • 33% correctly identified the man
         • more aroused the more they focus on central details (gun) than the person appearance
     • Christian + Hubinette
       • QUESTIONNAIRE
         • 58 real witnesses of bank robbery
           • high levels of arousal recall more accurate + detailed infor than the onlookers
   • Age
     • Yarney
       • Older people less confident BUT not less accuratewhen recalling a confederate
     • Parker + Carranza
       • primary school children are more likelt t choose person in mock line uo
         • more likely to make errors
     • Anastasi + Rhodes
       • young + middle ages participants are more accurate in recall of target groups than older participants
         • OWN AGE BIAS
           • participants from all age groups, most accurate in recalling their target group photos
             • Lack of contact with other groups.
               • poorer our ability to discriminate between individuals = DIFFERENTIAL EXPERIENCE HYPOTHESI