Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

1. Carbohydrates

   • Monosaccharides
     • Triose Sugars
     • Pentose Sugars
       • Deoxyribose
       • Ribose
     • Hexose Sugars
       • Glucose
         • Alpha
         • Beta
       • Fructose
   • Disaccharides
     • aGlucose + Fructose
       • Sucrose
     • aGlucose + aGlucose
       • Maltose
   • Polysaccharides
     • Starch
       • Amylose
       • Amylopectin
     • Glycogen
     • Cellulose

2. Proteins

   • Primary
     • Linear chains of amino acids
     • Joined by polypeptide bonds
     • Secondary
       • Primary folds to alpha-helix or beta pleat shape
       • Joined by hydrogen bonds between R groups
       • Tertiary
         • Secondary folds to a 3D globular shape
         • Joined by ionic bonds
         • Joined by disulfite bridges also
         • Quaternary
           • When two polypeptide chains join
           • Join by disulfite bridges
   • Fibrous
     • Gives strength and stucture
       • Collagen
   • Globular
     • Soluble and have a metabolic role
       • Haemoglobin
   • Conjugated
     • Contain a prosthetic (non-protein) group
       • Haemoglobin

3. Lipids

   • Insoluble and very rich in energy
   • Triglycerides
     • Made up of: glycerol and 3 fatty acids
       • Energy source, protects organs and insulates heat
   • Phospholipids
     • Head made from glycerol and phosphate ion, 2 tails are fatty acids
       • Head is hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic
         • Form a bi-layer

4. Nucleic Acids

   • DNA
     • Formed by condensation reactions between
       • Pentose sugar, deoxyribose
       • Nitrogenous Base (A,T,C,G)
       • Inorganic Phosphate Group
         • Functions of DNA
           • DNA Replication
           • Transcription of mRNA, leading to the production of polypeptides
     • 2 Anti Parallel Strands
       • Held by hydrogen bonds
     • Double stranded helix shape
   • RNA
     • Formed by condensation reactions between
       • Pentose sugar, ribose
         • There are 3 types of RNA
           • mRNA - Messenger RNA
           • tRNA - Transfer RNA
           • rRNA - Ribosomal RNA
       • Nitrogenous Base (A,U,G,C)
       • Inorganic Phosphate Group