Building a Human

Beschreibung

University Functional Anatomy and Embryology Quiz am Building a Human, erstellt von Charlotte Jakes am 16/12/2019.
Charlotte Jakes
Quiz von Charlotte Jakes, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Charlotte Jakes
Erstellt von Charlotte Jakes vor mehr als 4 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
The first cleavage of a zygote occurs immediately after [blank_start]fertilisation[blank_end]. Before the zygote is implanted into the uterine wall at day 7-10, it undergoes a series of subdivisions without [blank_start]growth[blank_end]. The cleavage generates a [blank_start]blastocyst[blank_end] - a hollow ball of cells consisiting of an outer layer of cells known as the [blank_start]trophoblast[blank_end]. This outer layer will interact with the [blank_start]uterine[blank_end] wall. Inside the [blank_start]blastocyst[blank_end] is the [blank_start]inner cell mass[blank_end] which will develop into the embryo.
Antworten
  • fertilisation
  • growth
  • blastocyst
  • trophoblast
  • uterine
  • blastocyst
  • inner cell mass

Frage 2

Frage
After implantation, the cells of the inner cell mass in the zygote rearrange to form what?
Antworten
  • Blastodisc
  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast
  • Trophoblast

Frage 3

Frage
In what structure of the embryo does the primitive streak develop?
Antworten
  • Trophoblast
  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast
  • Mesoderm

Frage 4

Frage
What is gastrulation?
Antworten
  • The organisation of the cells to generate the body plan by differentiation into the primary germ layers
  • The folding of the neural plate to form the neural tube
  • The process by which the embryo implants into the uterine wall
  • The pre-implantation divisions of the zygote

Frage 5

Frage
Fill in the blanks below to describe the process of gastrulation. 1. The primitive streak develops in the [blank_start]epiblast[blank_end]. 2. The end of the primitive streak expands to form the [blank_start]primitive node[blank_end]. 3. Cells of the epiblast migrate inwards towards the streak, detach from their layer and migrate [blank_start]beneath[blank_end] it. 4. The first cells of the epiblast to migrate invade the [blank_start]hypoblast[blank_end] layer, displacing its cells. 5. Eventually, the hypoblast cells will be entirely replaced by a new layer. This layer is the definitive [blank_start]endoderm[blank_end]. 6. Some of the invaginated epiblast cells remain in the space between the layers. This layer is the [blank_start]mesoderm[blank_end]. 7. The remaining cells of the epiblast form the definitive [blank_start]ectoderm[blank_end].
Antworten
  • epiblast
  • primitive node
  • beneath
  • hypoblast
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm

Frage 6

Frage
The epiblast cells no longer migrate after the definitive germ layers have formed.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 7

Frage
What is secondary neurulation?
Antworten
  • The formation of a tube by the hollowing out of a solid precursor's interior
  • The formation of a tube by the infolding of its wall
  • The formation of a tube by the joining of two hollow structures
  • The formation of a tube by the layering of rings of cells

Frage 8

Frage
What name is given to the formation of the neural tube in the embryo?
Antworten
  • Neurulation
  • Neurogenesis
  • Gastrulation
  • Invagination

Frage 9

Frage
Using the image, fill in the blanks to describe each stage of neurulation. 1. Neuroectodermal cells differentiate to form the [blank_start]neural plate[blank_end] with a border to separate it from regular ectoderm. 2. The neural plate folds upwards with its apex extending [blank_start]dorsally[blank_end]. The two edges join at the [blank_start]neural plate borders[blank_end], forming the [blank_start]neural crest[blank_end]. 3. The closure of the tube disconnects the neural crest from the wall. The cells of the neural crest then differentiate to form the [blank_start]peripheral nervous system[blank_end]. 4. The [blank_start]notochord[blank_end] degenerates and other mesoderm cells differentiate into the [blank_start]somites[blank_end].
Antworten
  • neural plate
  • dorsally
  • neural plate borders
  • neural crest
  • peripheral nervous system
  • notochord
  • somites

Frage 10

Frage
What happens to the notochord following the formation of the neural tube?
Antworten
  • Degenerates completely
  • Forms the spinal cord
  • Forms the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
  • Forms the peripheral nervous system

Frage 11

Frage
What will result from an absence of joining of the neural folds at the cranial end of the neural plate?
Antworten
  • Anencephaly - open brain, lack of skull
  • Craniorachischisis - completely open brain and spinal cord
  • Spina bifida - exposure of the spinal cord
  • Cyclopia - lack of division of the orbits of the eye into two cavities

Frage 12

Frage
Label this image showing the organisation of the embryo following neurulation.
Antworten
  • Epidermis
  • Paraxial mesoderm
  • Intermediate mesoderm
  • Neural tube
  • Notochord
  • Lateral plate mesoderm

Frage 13

Frage
Fill in the blanks to describe what each of the primitive tissues will develop into. The [blank_start]lateral plate[blank_end] mesoderm will form the splanchnic and somatic nerves. The [blank_start]intermediate[blank_end] mesoderm will form the kidneys and the gonads. The [blank_start]paraxial[blank_end] mesoderm will form the head and the somites.
Antworten
  • lateral plate
  • intermediate
  • paraxial

Frage 14

Frage
Why do the neural crest cells only occur in the anterior half of the vertebral column?
Antworten
  • The posterior halves of the somites express inhibitory molecules
  • The anterior halves of the somites express attracting molecules
  • The posterior half of the vertebral column is already a solid structure - no other cells can migrate there

Frage 15

Frage
Fill in the blanks to describe the process of neural crest migration. The first wave of migration forms the [blank_start]autonomic[blank_end] ganglia. The parasympathetic ganglia migrate to the walls of the [blank_start]organs[blank_end]. The sympathetic ganglia migrate in front of the [blank_start]aorta[blank_end]. The second wave of migration forms the [blank_start]posterior root[blank_end] ganglia either side of the spinal cord. It also forms the [blank_start]Schwann[blank_end] cells and satellite cells. The final wave of migration forms the [blank_start]melanocytes[blank_end] throughout the epidermis. These give pigmentation to the hair, skin, iris etc. The neural crest cells at the cranial end form the [blank_start]sensory ganglia[blank_end] of the cranial nerves. They also migrate to form the [blank_start]mesenchyme[blank_end] of the face and neck.
Antworten
  • autonomic
  • organs
  • aorta
  • posterior root
  • Schwann
  • melanocytes
  • sensory ganglia
  • mesenchyme

Frage 16

Frage
Label this image to describe the body axes of the developing embryo.
Antworten
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
  • Right
  • Left

Frage 17

Frage
How does a cell in a particular position in the developing embryo 'know' what tissue it will differentiate into?
Antworten
  • It responds to a particular type of morphogen
  • It responds to a particular concentration of morphogen
  • It responds to a particular pH
  • It responds to different concentrations of oxygen

Frage 18

Frage
The notochord directs the development of the ventral spinal cord.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 19

Frage
The Sonic Hedgehog gene and subsequent protein mediates the development of what?
Antworten
  • Ventral spinal cord
  • Dorsal spinal cord
  • Limbs
  • Eyes

Frage 20

Frage
What embryonic structure secretes the SHH protein?
Antworten
  • Neural tube
  • Notochord
  • Somites
  • Epidermis

Frage 21

Frage
Somites do not respond to the SHH protein.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 22

Frage
A mutation in the [blank_start]SHH[blank_end] gene can result in holoprosencephaly. This results in a lack of development of the two hemispheres of the [blank_start]forebrain[blank_end]. It often presents with microcephaly and/or a cleft palate/lip. [blank_start]Cyclopia[blank_end] is the most extreme form of this condition whereby the orbits of the eye do not divide into two cavities, leaving a single central eye.
Antworten
  • SHH
  • forebrain
  • Cyclopia

Frage 23

Frage
These diagrams show the blastocysts at different stages of their development. Label them.
Antworten
  • Inner cell mass
  • Trophoblast
  • Amnioic cavity
  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast
  • Yolk sac
  • Blastodisc
  • Yolk sac

Frage 24

Frage
Failure of the neural tube to close at a particular point along the spine results in what birth defect?
Antworten
  • Spina bifida
  • Craniorachischisis
  • Cyclopia
  • Anencephaly

Frage 25

Frage
Failure of the neural tube to close at any point results in what birth defect?
Antworten
  • Craniorachischisis
  • Anencephaly
  • Spina bifida
  • Cyclopia

Frage 26

Frage
The paraxial mesoderm forms the head and the somites. The somites will then differentiate into... The [blank_start]sclerotome[blank_end] - this will form the vertebrae and the rib cartilage. The [blank_start]myotome[blank_end] - this will form the muscles. The [blank_start]dermatome[blank_end] - this will form the skin and connective tissue.
Antworten
  • sclerotome
  • myotome
  • dermatome

Frage 27

Frage
What will cells in the dorsal portion of the neural tube develop into?
Antworten
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons

Frage 28

Frage
What will cells in the ventral portion of the neural tube differentiate into?
Antworten
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons

Frage 29

Frage
The different regions of the anterior neural tube receive different morphogens in different concentrations to determine what tissues they differentiate into based on location.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 30

Frage
What will you see if you remove the notochord during development?
Antworten
  • No motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord
  • No sensory neurons in the dorsal spinal cord
  • A single set of motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord
  • Two sets of motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord

Frage 31

Frage
What will you see if you transplant an additional notochord during development?
Antworten
  • Two sets of motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord
  • A single net of motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord
  • No motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord
  • No sensory neurons in the dorsal spinal cord

Frage 32

Frage
In what direction do somites develop?
Antworten
  • Posteriorly
  • Anteriorly
  • Superiorly
  • Inferiorly
  • Laterally
  • Medially

Frage 33

Frage
The somites organise the peripheral nerves.
Antworten
  • True
  • False
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