Cell Physiology and General Physiology of Excitable Tissues- Physiology PMU 2nd Year

Question

Hormones:

Answer 1

are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the blood stream

Answer 2

may be secreted by endocrine glands

Answer 3

may be secreted by nerve cells

Answer 4

act only on target cells

Answer 5

all of the above

Answer 6

the stimulus must reach or exceed threshold

Answer 7

K+ influx must exceed Na+ efflux

Answer 8

The cell membrane must be out of the relative refractory period

Answer 9

The cell membrane must be in absolutely refractory period

Answer 10

Cl- influx must exceed K+ efflux

Answer 11

voltage-gated Na+ channels open

Answer 12

voltage-gated K+ channels open

Answer 13

voltage-gated Na+ channels close

Answer 14

voltage-gated K+ channels close

Answer 15

voltage-gated Cl- channels apex

Answer 16

refers to the unwavering control of a physiological set point

Answer 17

refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition

Answer 18

refers only to the regulation of body temperature

Answer 19

refers to maintaining a stable external environment

Answer 20

refers to the 'all-or-one' law

Answer 21

is permeable to lipophilic molecules

Answer 22

may contain proteins, which confer iron permeability

Answer 23

may burst in hypotonic extracellular solutions

Answer 24

can generate action potentials in excitable cells

Answer 25

all of the above

Answer 26

decrease of the threshold

Answer 27

increase of the liability

Answer 28

increase of the excitability

Answer 29

increase of the threshold

Answer 30

increased release of neurotransmitters

Answer 31

'all-or-none’ law

Answer 32

transmission with energy consumption

Answer 33

without energy consumption

Answer 34

excitability is decreased

Answer 35

it is “more positive” than the resting potential

Answer 36

it is closer to zero mV

Answer 37

the resting membrane potential is closer to the sodium equilibrium

Answer 38

slight depolarization

Answer 39

all of the above

Answer 40

none of the above

Answer 41

phosphorus

Answer 42

Active transport

Answer 43

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 44

Filtration

Answer 45

Cholestrol

Answer 46

Phospholipids

Answer 47

Nucleic acids

Answer 48

A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a subthreshold stimulus and propagated along the nerve cell membrane

Answer 49

A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a superthreshold stimulus and propagated along the nerve cell membrane

Answer 50

A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a subthreshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation

Answer 51

A potential that is generated on the postsynaptic membrane as a result of the action of a mediator

Answer 52

A potential that is generated as a result of the action of a superthreshold stimulus and could be registered only at the site of irritation

Answer 53

soma-somatic reflex

Answer 54

soma-visceral reflex

Answer 55

viscera-somatic reflex

Answer 56

viscera-visceral reflex

Answer 57

integrated conditioned reflex

Answer 58

α-adrenergic receptors

Answer 59

β-adrenergic receptors

Answer 60

α- and β-adrenergic receptors

Answer 61

N-choline receptors

Answer 62

M-choline receptors

Answer 63

Nor-epinephrine (98%) and epinephrine (2%)

Answer 64

Acetylcholine

Answer 65

Nor-epinephrine (2%) and epinephrine (98%)

Answer 66

Epinephrine (80%) and nor-epinephrine (20%)

Answer 67

a level of AP at which depolarization goes into repolarisation

Answer 68

a level of AP at which repolarization goes into depolarization

Answer 69

a degree of depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane at which further action of the neurotransmitter is abolished

Answer 70

a degree of depolarization of the nerve cell membrane at which its sources of energy are completely exhausted

Answer 71

a degree of depolarization of the excitable membrane at which its intensity does not depend on irritant action

Answer 72

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 73

intercalated disc

Answer 74

Golgi apparatus

Answer 75

gastrointestinal tract

Answer 76

urinary tract

Answer 77

blood vessels

Answer 78

M-choline receptors

Answer 79

α1 receptors

Answer 80

α2 receptors

Answer 81

β1 receptors

Answer 82

β2 receptors

Answer 83

Connected with loss of energy

Answer 84

For transporting substances against their concentration gradient

Answer 85

Connected with membrane polarity

Answer 86

That works with the help of a carrier in the membrane

Answer 87

For transporting lipid soluble substances through the membrane

Answer 88

high permeability for K+ ions

Answer 89

low permeability for Cl- ions

Answer 90

low permeability for Na+ and high for K+ ions

Answer 91

the small difference between the equilibrium potentials for Na+ and K+ ions

Answer 92

low permeability for Na+

Answer 93

always an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 94

always an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 95

excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane depending on the type of receptors

Answer 96

excitatory or inhibitory effect depending on the amount released

Answer 97

no effect on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 98

the action potential

Answer 99

muscle cell contraction

Answer 100

nerve cell conduction and excitation

Answer 101

glandular cell secretion

Answer 102

membrane transport

Answer 103

M-choline receptors

Answer 104

α-adrenergic receptors

Answer 105

β-adrenergic receptors

Answer 106

N-choline receptors in neuromuscular synapses

Answer 107

all types of cholinoreceptors

Answer 108

the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 109

the axon membrane

Answer 110

the nodes of Ranvier

Answer 111

the skeletal muscle cell membrane

Answer 112

the axon hillock

Answer 113

the excitability becomes equal to zero

Answer 114

the excitability is equal to that at rest

Answer 115

the excitability is higher than that at rest

Answer 116

accommodation occurs

Answer 117

the excitability is lower than that at rest

Answer 118

exports equal amount of Na+ and K+

Answer 119

imports equal amount of Na+ and K+

Answer 120

exchanges equal amount of Na+ and K+

Answer 121

the exchanged amount of Na+, and K+ is not equal

Answer 122

none of the above

Answer 123

typical of the species

Answer 124

formed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes

Answer 125

all of the above

Answer 126

at the chemical synapse transmission of excitation is one way

Answer 127

at most of the electrical synapses transmission is two-way

Answer 128

the velocity of transmission of excitation is higher at the chemical synapses than at the electrical ones

Answer 129

the velocity of transmission of excitation is greater at the electrical synapses than at the chemical ones

Answer 130

when there is continuous excitation at a synapse, fatigue occurs

Answer 131

Substance P

Answer 132

Neuropeptide 4

Answer 133

Nitric Oxide

Answer 134

Ca++ pump and the low permeability for Na+

Answer 135

Na+ pump and the low permeability for Na+

Answer 136

Na+/K+ pump and the low permeability for Na+

Answer 137

K+ pump and the high permeability for Na+

Answer 138

Iodine pump

Answer 139

the strength of irritation

Answer 140

the duration of irritation

Answer 141

the cross sectional area of the axon

Answer 142

the direction of its propagation

Answer 143

the threshold

Answer 144

norepinephrine (98%) and epinephrine (2%)

Answer 145

acetylcholine

Answer 146

norepinephrine (2%) and epinephrine (98%)

Answer 147

epinephrine (20%) and norepinephrine (80%)

Answer 148

relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters

Answer 149

constriction of the vessels smooth muscle

Answer 150

increased heart rate

Answer 151

dilation of the vessels smooth muscle and relaxation of the uterus

Answer 152

none of the above

Answer 153

relaxation of the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles and contraction of the sphincters

Answer 154

constriction of the vessels smooth muscle

Answer 155

increased heart rate

Answer 156

dilation of the vessels smooth muscle and relaxation of the uterus

Answer 157

none of the above

Answer 158

mitochondria

Answer 159

within the nucleus

Answer 160

Na+ move inside of the cell

Answer 161

Na+ move outside of the cell

Answer 162

K+ move inside of the cell

Answer 163

K+ move outside of the cell

Answer 164

Cl- move outside of the cell

Answer 165

uses facilitated diffusion

Answer 166

requires cellular energy

Answer 167

is passive transport

Answer 168

requires both cellular energy and facilitated diffusion

Answer 169

uses its concentration gradient to move

Answer 170

filtration

Answer 171

facilitated diffusion

Answer 172

simple diffusion

Answer 173

active transport

Answer 174

phagocytosis

Answer 175

simple diffusion

Answer 176

passive transport

Answer 177

exocytosis

Answer 178

endocytosis

Answer 179

are formed entirely by protein molecules

Answer 180

are impermeable to fat soluble substances

Answer 181

in some tissues permit transport of glucose at a greater rate in the presence of insulin

Answer 182

are not changed throughout life

Answer 183

are permeable to water soluble substances

Answer 184

not synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 185

synthesized in the mitochondria

Answer 186

packed in the Golgi apparatus

Answer 187

across the cell membrane by endocytosis

Answer 188

synthesized in the lysosomes

Answer 189

prothrombin

Answer 190

haemoglobin

Answer 191

is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane to K+ being greater to Na+

Answer 192

falls to zero if Na+/K+ ATPase in the membrane is inhibited

Answer 193

is equal to the equilibrium potential for K+

Answer 194

is equal to the equilibrium potential of Na+

Answer 195

is equal to the equilibrium potential of Cl-

Answer 196

pinocytosis

Answer 197

chemotaxis

Answer 198

phagocytosis

Answer 199

exocytosis

Answer 200

endocytosis

Answer 201

Na+-K+ pump

Answer 202

Na+-H+ pump

Answer 203

Na+ glucose transport

Answer 204

Na/Ca pump

Answer 205

are the Chief site for lipid synthesis

Answer 206

are the chief site for protein synthesis

Answer 207

are the chief sites for generation of ATP

Answer 208

are more numerous in white than in brown fat cells

Answer 209

are absent near the membranes of actively secreting cells

Answer 210

is a complex system of intracellular tubules

Answer 211

has a membrane structure similar to the cell membrane

Answer 212

is associated with ribonucleoprotein

Answer 213

is well developed in secretory cells

Answer 214

all of the above

Answer 215

is seen as an optically dense line using light microscopy

Answer 216

consists mainly of protein

Answer 217

is more permeable to fat- than to water-soluble particles

Answer 218

contains enzymes DNA

Answer 219

contains the receptors for steroid hormones

Answer 220

consist mainly of carbohydrates and lipids

Answer 221

have a specific structure for each ion species

Answer 222

for sodium may be blocked by tetrodotoxin

Answer 223

consist mainly of lipids

Answer 224

remain open as long as the activating signal is present

Answer 225

1,3, 5 and 4

Answer 226

1, 2 and 3

Answer 227

4, 2 and 1

Answer 228

a dendrite

Answer 229

a neurotransmitter

Answer 230

a ventricle

Answer 231

none of the above

Answer 232

nerve gases

Answer 233

carbon monoxide

Answer 234

neurotransmitters

Answer 235

synaptic vesicle

Answer 236

receptor proteins

Answer 237

occurs only in myelinated fibres

Answer 238

has a slower velocity in cold than in warm conditions

Answer 239

is faster than non-saltatory conduction in nerve fibres with diameters around 10 μm

Answer 240

transmits impulses with a velocity proportional to fibre diameter

Answer 241

all of them

Answer 242

occurs when its membrane potential is hyperpolarized to a critical level

Answer 243

is associated with a transient increase in membrane permeability to sodium

Answer 244

is associated with a transient decrease in membrane permeability to potassium

Answer 245

induces local response

Answer 246

has an amplitude which varies directly with the strength of stimulus

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Cell Physiology and General Physiology of Excitable Tissues- Physiology PMU 2nd Year

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