Karteikarten
Unit 2 - B
Karten in diesem Stapel (35)
- 1Electorate-all the people in the country who are eligible to vote in elections for Presidents or lower officials
- 2Suffrage Initiatives-ballot initiatives that aim to extend suffrage to a particular group.
-when enough signatures are collected, this proposal related to suffrage is put on the ballot so every citizen can vote. - 3Referendum-a procedure that can repeal an unpopular law
-e.g. Referendum to eliminate laws that strip former convicts of their voting rights - 4Recall-another procedure that allows for citizen political participation.
-this procedure is allowed in some states
-a way for the voters to remove an elected official from office. - 5Wards Precincts Polling places-ward: a division of district of a city or town for the purposes of voting
-Precincts- the division of wards for the purpose of voting.
-Polling place- it is assigned to ppl. it is the nearest building where voting takes place during an election. - 6Franchise-the right to vote.
-enfranchisement of women during 20th century
-African Americans enfranchised. - 7Fifteenth Amendment-gave free blacks and former slaves the right to vote.
-it was the first time a federal mandate imposed on the states' voting requirements. - 8Literacy test, polling tax, grandfather clause, white primary-ways the states prevented blacks from voting while not violating the Constitution.
-literacy tests-test to see if ppl met requirement of reading in order to vote.
-Poll tax-discouraged blacks from voting
-Grandfather clause-made the state look at a voter's statue the same way it would look at the voter's grandfather.
-meant to keep newly freed slaves & others from voting precincts.
-white primaries-keep blacks from voting. white primaries were for southern primary elections & only white voters were permitted to participate. - 9Twenty-forth Amendment (1964)-outlawed poll taxes in federal elections
- 10Voting Rights Act of 1965, preclearance-goal:allow blacks to participate in the political process.
-outlawed literacy test and began monitoring states with low voter turnout.
-gov gave DOJ jurisdiction over states w/ low voter turnout (<50%).
-preclearance- DOJ had the power to approve or disapprove new election laws by certain states. - 11Nineteenth Amendment (1920)-stated that citizens won't be denied the right to vote by any U.S. state on the basis of gender.
-past after considerable pressure from women's suffrage movement. - 12Twenty-third Amendment (1961)-states that the district of Columbia will appoint electors, but the number can't exceed that of the least populous state in the U.S.
-prior to this, D.C. had no representation in the electoral college. - 13Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971)-stated that states cannot deny citizens 18 yrs & older the right to vote.
-this decision was limited to federal elections
-context: unpopular Vietnam War, young men being drafted into army w/out being old enough to vote - 14Absentee Ballot-An alternative for a voter to vote.
-this ballot is completed & mailed in advance of an election.
-typically the voter wasn't able to go to the polls on election day. - 15Australian Ballot-by 1892, 33 states had adopted the Australian ballot.
-ensured fair results b/c they were printed & distributed w/ taxpayer money (not party's $$), showed all of the candidates' name.
-Australian ballot only available at voting precincts and completely confidential - 16Voter Turnout-percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot.
-voter turnout in U.S. is low
-the highest % always comes from presidential elections.
-reasons for low voter turnout:
1)voter apathy
2)no political efficacy
3)there are a lot of elections always
4)2-step process to vote; discourages some ppl
5)No legal penalties for not voting
-highest voter turnout recently: a bit above 60%
-Congressional midterms: lowest turnout rates than prez. elections.
-around 33-40% voter turnout^^ - 17Voter Apathy-when eligible voters don't care about the election.
-reasons:
1)lack of political efficacy
2)content w/ the current state of things
-U.S. has low voter turnout compared to other democracies. - 18Political Efficacy-feeling of being able to change things, to have an impact
-lack of this feeling: ppl don't think their vote will make an impact.
1)often b/c they're discouraged their candidate lost & just don't care now or the system is rigged against them - 19Voting blocs: men & women, gender gap-men & women tend to view things differently--seen thru their votes
-WOMEN: oppose harsh punishments & death penalty than men, spend more on healthcare than met, etc.
-so, women tend to vote Democratic more than Republican.
-MEN: white men, leaning fiscally conservative, vote Republican.
-AMONG Women: married & unmarried
1)unmarried care about healthcare, employment, education, job security, and retirement benefits
2)married women-moral traditionalists & have a higher voter participation than unmarried women. - 20Voting Blocs & Behaviors: Young voters-typically have a low voter participation than older voters.
-Reasons:
1)haven't formed opinions on parties, issues
2) don't know too much about politics
-3/4 of young ppl believe in gun regulation & support gay rights.
-60%+ favored legal same-sex marital status
-abolish death penalty, gov should do more about environment
-young ppl are inexperienced compared to established older ppl w/ houses, families, business, etc.
-older ppl tend to notice the effects of gov. on their lives more strongly & so they have that incentive to vote.
-young ppl don't so much^^ - 21Voting blocs & Behaviors: Seniors-high turnout rate
-seniors are more mature, rarely change politics (establish voter habits)
-focus: SS, Medicare, tax & inheritance laws, veterans' benefits, etc. - 22Voting blocs & Behaviors: African-Americans-historically, their voter turnout rates have been very low b/c disenfranchising, intimidation, & discrimination by whites.
-1965 Voter Rights act- African-American turnout rates in presidential elections has increased.
-newly freed slaves-Republican Party of freedom
-this changed w/ FDR's New Deal & other Democratic presidents
1)strong welfare
2)Civil liberties
-African-Americans lean mostly Democrat
-Focus: abolishing death penalty, less $$ on int'l affairs & more on Americans in need. Generally support welfare programs. - 23Voting Blocs & Behaviors: Hispanics-fast-growing minority
-voter turnout is historically lower than that of blacks and whites.
-Focus issues: urban issues, minority issues, labor issues, immigration.
-Typically Hispanics lean Democrat. - 24Voting Blocs & Behaviors: Asian Americans-small minority
-concentration in West Coast states
-focal issues: civil liberties, equal protection.
-historically have voted conservative:
1)Republican values resemble the values of their native countries
-in 2012, ~73% of Asians voted for Obama. - 25Voter Bloc: Evangelicals-Evangelicals & Fundamentalist Christians
-conservative views on certain issues.
-strive for a "religious right" within the Republican Party.
-family-oriented.
-Fundamentalists reject theory of Evolution & take the Bible literally.
-exert sizable political influence in the South and Midwest. - 26Voting blocs & Behaviors: Catholics-in 20th century, Catholics leaned Democrat b/c of Dem's proclamation of religious tolerance.
-now, though, generalizations are inaccurate
-Catholics across social classes, wealth, education, ethnicity, etc.
-Catholics don't strictly follow Catholic moral rules: some favor euthanasia & abortion, etc.
-36% conservative, 29% liberal, & 35% moderate. - 27Voting Blocs & Behaviors: Jews-2% of electorate
-highest participation rates (90%) compared to other demographics.
-Jewish Immigrants (like Catholics) were marginalized & discriminated & lived in large urban Northern centers.
-focal issues: civil liberties, privacy, basic rights of the accused, & supporting charities.
-tend to lean liberal.
-Truman's support for a Jewish state in the middle East made Democrats likeable. - 28Voting blocs & Behaviors: Business Community-CEOs of companies, shareholders, small business owners, & a lot of the upper class.
-^^favors the conservative political philosophy and capitalist principles.
-favor limited gov., don't interfere w/ business world, little regulation.
-lower taxes- b/c they're profit driven
-want less environmental and consumer rights regulation.
-this bloc tends to lean Republican - 29Voting Blocs & Behaviors: Labor and Unions-wage earners, craftsmen, and factory line workers.
-they see politics thru their workplace and labor unions.
-early 20th c.: AF of L supported fair wage laws, safety regulation in workplace, etc.
-Unions aren't powerful today. ~7% of Americans are in a union.
-this bloc tends to be loyal to Democrats - 30National Voter Registration Act (1993) (Motor Vehicle Law)-goal: increase citizen particpation & streamline registration process.
-broadened scope of eligibility so more citizens who register could vote in elections for fed. offices.
-incrase # of places ppl could register, and protect integrity of elections by making sure states keep accurate voter-rolls.
-requires states to:
1)make voter registration available @ driver's licence bureaus, libraries, etc.
2)accept registration by mail.
-NVRA has increased registration but not party registration or voter turnout.
-NVRA was not a bipartisan bill
-Republicans: will infringe on states' reserved powers. - 31Help American Vote Act (2002)-a response to the Bush-Gore-Fl disaster.
-HAVA refromed aspects of voting process.
goal: set national standards for voting for states to follow
1)electronic voting system, replace old punch card and lever systems
2)voting accessible to ppl w/ disabilities. - 32Reapportionment-the periodic distribution of Representative seats according to the changes in the 10-yr census.
-U.S. census determines if a state wins or looses seats.
-Mandated by Reapportionment Act of 1929. - 33Redistricting-process by which state legislatures alter congressional district maps to reflect changes in Congressional seats (reapportionment).
-source of controversy.
-the party in power in state legislatures is who determines the updated state map of new congressional districts.
-results will benefit the party in power come election time.
- 34Gerrymandering-process by which one party (the one in power @ state legislature) draws illogical district lines in order to give that particular party an advantage.
-guarantees dominance of one party & seats @ the house of representatives (of same party).
-some states created independent commissions to draw these maps & remove the party bias. - 35One Man, One Vote Baker v. Cass Wesberry v. Sanders-principle for representation
-requires that districts be drawn so that all congressional districts had roughly the same population.
-this principle was influenced by the outcomes of 2 Supreme Court cases:
1)Baker v. Cass - SC ruled that Tennessee violated Equal Protection clause of 14th amendment b/c its congressional districts were inaccurate in the proportions they represented & violated Tennessee state constitution.
2) Wesberry v. Sanders - In GA, the SC ruled the same:the districts had to be drawn so that each district has roughly the same population.
-these 2 court cases ensured the fairness of the reapportionment & redistributing process.
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- Karteikarten am Unit 2 - B, erstellt von spartan 007 am 09/03/2018.
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