Karteikarten
Sensation and Perception- Basic Unit Overview
Karten in diesem Stapel (61)
- 1SensationSensory receptors receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
- 2PerceptionYou organize and interpret sensory information so that you can recognize meaningful objects and events
- 3Bottom Up ProcessingAnalysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works UP to the brain's integration of sensory information.
(no preconceived ideas) - 4Top Down ProcessingInformation processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our own experiences/expectations
(use background knowledge to interpret what we see) - 5What is psychophysics?Relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.
- 6Absolute ThresholdMinimum STIMULATION needed to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time
- 7Signal Detection TheoryHow and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
- 8Subliminal StimuliBelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
- 9PrimingActivates certain associations to predispose one's perception, memory, or response
- 10Difference ThresholdMinimum DIFFERENCE needed for two stimuli to detect 50 percent of the time, we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.
- 11Sensory AdaptationWhen your sensitivity to something is diminished when it has been constantly stimulated (getting used to the temperature of a swimming pool))
- 12What would happen if our eyes DIDN'T constantly move to take in stimuli?images would look like strange fragments
- 13What TWO physical characteristics of light determine our sensory experience?1.) Wavelength: distance peak to peak, determines hue
2.) Intensity: Amount of energy in light waves- amplitude (height of waves)-- brightness - 14The PupilCenter of Eye, adjustable opening where light enters
- 15The IrisColored portion of eye, the ring around the pupil, controls size of pupil opening
(tip: remember Iris is a pretty name, eyes have pretty colors) - 16LensBehind the pupil, changes shape to help focus images on the retina
(tip: the lens of a camera does the same thing, changes shape to help focus the images!) - 17RetinaInner Surface, has receptor rods and cones and layers of neurons that begin processing visual information.
- 18RodsRetinal Receptors, detect black, white, and gray, needed for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond
- 19ConesRetinal receptor cells, work in daylight or well-lit conditions, detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
(tip: I always imagine an ice cream CONE with colorful scoops of ice-cream!) - 20Optic nerveFrom the Eye to the Brain, the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
- 21FoveaCentral focal point in retina, the eye's cones cluster around it.
- 22How does a blind spot develop within one's visual field?This is the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, and creates a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there.
- 23Feature DetectorsNerve cells in brain that response to specific features of the stimulus (shape, angle, or movement)
- 24What can feature detectors do?-can respond to a scene's specific features (particular edges, lines, angles, movements)
-temporal lobe behind your right ear lets you perceive faces - 25Parallel ProcessingAbility to do many things at once, recognizing faces and movement
- 26Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic TheoryRetina has three color receptors (red, green, and blue) that when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
- 27Opponent Process TheoryOpposing retinal images (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable us to see color. Some cells are stimulated by green, inhibiting by red, others stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
- 28Afterimagesseeing the opponent color when you stare at an image (say you stare at a green image, and you see the opponent color blue when you blink a couple times at a blank sheet of paper.
- 29PitchDepends on frequency, a tone's experiences highness or lowness
- 30Frequencynumber of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (per second)
- 31Outer earCartilage and skin, tragus, helix, lobule, collects sound waves into ear canal
- 32Middle EarChamber between the eardrum and cochlea which has THREE tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
Concentrates vibrations of eardrum on the cochlea's oval window - 33Inner EarCochlea: snail shaped tube, incoming vibrations cause cochlea's membrane (oval window) to vibrate, which jostles fluid that fills tube
semicircular canals and vestibular sacs also part of the inner ear - 34Place TheoryThe pitch we hear is linked to THE PLACE where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
- 35Frequency Theoryrate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone (so we can sense its pitch)
- 36IntensityDifference of sound (car honks to your right, your right ear receives a more intense sound because it's closer)
- 37Cochlear ImplantDevice that converts sounds into electrical signals and stimulates auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
- 38Sensorineural Hearing LossHearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells
- 39KinesthesisYour sense of position and movement of your body parts
- 40Vestibular SenseSense of body movement and position (sense of balance) monitors your head's position and movement from your inner ear
- 41Gate Control TheorySpinal cord has a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
- 42Psychological Influences on Pain-attending to pain, learning based on experience, expectations
Athletes who play through the pain - 43Social-Cultural Influences on Painpresence of others, EMPATHY for others' pain, cultural expectations
(family member is in pain in the hospital, you feel empathy)
"We tend to perceive more pain when others also seem to be experiencing pain." - 44Five major taste receptorsSweet-energy source
Salty- sodium essential to physiological processes
sour: potentially toxic acid
bitter: potential poison
umami: proteins to grow and repair tissue - 45Sensory InteractionPrinciple that one sense may influence the other, as it does when the smell of a food influences its taste.
"A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness." - 46Figure GroundRecognizing an object as distinct from its surroundings.
- 47Proximitywe group nearby figures together
- 48SimilarityWe group similar figures together
- 49ContinuityWe perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
- 50ConectednessSince they're uniform and linked, we see the sets as a single unit
- 51ClosureWe fill in gaps to create a complete whole object
- 52Binocular depth cueDepends on the use of two eyes
- 53Monocular Depth Cueavailable to either eye alone
- 54Phi PhenomenonIllusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
- 55Perceptual constancyseeing objects as unchanging (shapes, size, lightness, and color all consistent) EVEN as retinal images change
TOP DOWN PROCESS, we identify things and people very quickly - 56Shape ConstancyForm of familiar objects are constant even while our retinal image of it changes
(door open and close shape) - 57Size Constancyobjects have constant size even while our distance from them varies.
- 58Lightness Constancywe see object having a constant lightness even when its illumination varies
- 59Color Constancyfamiliar objects have consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by object
- 60Perceptual AdaptationMental predisposition to see one thing compared to another, derived from our experiences, assumptions, and expectations,
top down, saxophone/woman painting - 61Human Factors Psychologistshelp design devices, machines, and systems so they are easier for humans to use
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- Beschreibung
- There are 61 terms in this set related to what was studied in a 2023 AP Psychology Class.
- Erstellt von
- JULIANA TURNER
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