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How did Black Americans react to changes in their position
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- 1Booker T Washington- who was heBorn into slavery in Virginia- Principal of one of the leading African American colleges at Tuskegee Alabama
- 2Booker T Washington- motivationsConcentration on economic progress for African Americans rather than social and political equality- saw those 2 as long term goal- wanted education with focus on practical skills would help gain status/ earn respect from white Americans- persuade them to grant concessions
- 3Booker T Washington- protest methodsLabeled accommodationist- accept white supremacy until African Americans advanced economically/ socially
- 4Booker T Washington- effectiveness- leading spokesman for African Americans- frequently consulted with presidents/ politicians- secured northern white investment into African American education- no. African Americans in teaching went from 68,356 to 136,925 1910-1930
- 5Booker T Washington- effectiveness- moreFought legal action against an attempt to exclude African Americans from jury services- 1904
Also secretly supported court actions to challenge disenfranchisement of African Americans- wasn't always compliant and passive
But economic advance of African Americans by his death in 1915 was meagre- his school also only taught carpentry and farming - 6W.E.B Du Bois- who were theyMassachusetts born academic- graduated from Frisk university in 1885- spent 2 years in Berlin and returned to Harvard- professor at Atlanta
- 7W.E.B Du Bois- MotivationsBelieved African Americans should not take menial work- campaign for political/social rights
- 8W.E.B Du Bois-Methods of protestWrote a book in 1903- The Souls of Black Folk- demanded civil rights, end to segregation, equality in politics and society- later edited NAACP's magazine
Formed educated elite of African Americans- 'The talented tenth' - to lead fight for equality
Formed Niagara movement in 1905- formed NAACP - 9W.E.B Du Bois- Effectivenessprofessor- challenging stereotypes
wanted to not comply- fight for social/ political rights
Helped form NAACP- formed in 1909- outlasted Du Bois
Wrote books- challenged stereotypes - 10Ida Wells- who were theyBorn into slavery in 1862
Friend Tom Moss was lynched- had opened peoples grocery in Memphis- supposedly took business from white owners- shoot out in store- Moss and Partners dragged to city jail and lynched - 11Ida Wells- MotivationsHer experiences with racial injustice fueled her passion for investigative journalism. Wells co-owned and wrote for the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight newspaper, where she began her anti-lynching crusade.
- 12Ida Wells- methods of protestWrote book abt horrors of lynching- campaigned in courts against railroad car segregation in Tennessee 1884-1887
1898- wrote to president McKinley- demanded gov intervention in southern states to stop lynching- published 1901 - 13Ida Wells EffectivenessWhile unsuccessful in campaign against railroad car segregation- attracted national attention by writing about lynching horrors
Wrote to President- highly influential for revealing scale of lynching and reasons for it - 14Ida Wells Effectiveness moreBut...
campaigning made her a target for reprisals forced to abandon home in Memphis- move to Chicago in 1882
Neither Supreme Court nor Federal gov was persuaded to take action - argued it was for local states to deal with - 15NAACP- who were theyRace riots happened in 1908 Illinois- 2 African Americans lynched, 6 others murdered, 4 whites killed, hundreds injured- Springfield was Lincolns old home- inspired white call for conference on centenary of Lincolns birth to campaign for civil rights- out came the NAACP
- 16NAACP aimsabolish segregation
campaign for equal voting rights
campaign for improved educational facilities
Enforce 14th and 15th ammendments - 17NAACP methods of protestWEB Du Bois became editor of NAACP's magazine crisis- Ida Wells was supporter
Organisation emphasised importance of court action to achieve civil rights for African Americans
marches- helped organise march on Washington
Main method of protest- using the courts - 18NAACP effectivenessNAACP- won belated but important victories in 1915 when supreme court declared grandfather clauses in Oklahoma and Maryland unconstitutional and in 1917 when Louisville regulation allowing residential segregation was declared invalid
- 19NAACP effectiveness- moreNAACP developed into national organization with 90,000 members in 1920s
helped march on Washington and influenced changes to constitution
but...
Achievements were limited until it had larger leadership
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- How did Black Americans react to changes in their position
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