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Psychology Key Words Research Methods
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- 1AimGeneral statement of why the study is being carried out.
- 2Null HypothesisAn assumption that there is no relationship between the variables eg. no relationship between age and intelligence
- 3Directional hypothesis (One-Tailed)States the kind of relationship between two conditions.
E.g. People who do homework without the TV on produce better results than those who do homework with the TV on. - 4Non-Directional hypothesis (Two-Tailed)Simply predicts that there will be a difference or relationship between two conditions.
E.g. There is a difference between work produced in noisy or silent conditions. - 5Independent Groups DesignParticipants are allocated to two or more groups representing different experimental conditions.
- 6Matched Pairs DesignParticipants are matched in terms of key variables such as age and IQ.
- 7Repeated Measures DesignEach participant takes part in every condition under test.
- 8Random SamplingEvery member of the target population being tested has an equal chance of being selected. .
- 9Opportunity SamplingSample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study.
- 10Volunteer SamplingSample of participants produced by a sampling technique that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample.
- 11Behaviour CategoriesDividing a target behaviour into a subset of behaviours.
- 12Qualitative DataData that express a complete account of what people think or feel.
- 13Quantitative DataNumerical data that represent how much, how long or how many.
- 14Open QuestionsQuestions that allow respondents to provide their own answers rather than select one of those provided; tend to produce qualitative data.
- 15Closed QuestionsQuestions that have a range of answers from which respondents select one; tend to produce quantitative data and are easier to analyse.
- 16OperationalisationSpecifying a set of variables that can be measured or manipulated.
- 17Independent VariableVariable made to change by the experimenter.
- 18Dependent VariableEffects of the IV on another variable are observed or measured.
- 19Extraneous VariableAnything other than the IV that could have an effect on the DV and should thus be controlled.
- 20Confounding VariableVariable other than the IV that affected the DV and thus confounded the findings of the study.
- 21Pilot StudySmall-scale trial of a study run to test any aspects of the design, with a view to making improvements.
- 22ReliabilityMeasure of consistency both within a set of scores or items and also over time such that it is possible to obtain the same results on subsequent occasions when the measure is used.
- 23Internal ValidityDegree to which an observed effect is due to the experimental manipulation rather than other factors such as extraneous variables.
- 24External ValidityDegree to which an experimental effect can be generalised to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).
- 25Ecological validityAbility to generalise a research effect in a real life setting.
- 26Demand CharacteristicsFeatures of an experiment that makes participants aware of what the researcher expects to find or how participants are expected to behave.
- 27Investigator EffectsAnything that the investigator/experimenter does which has an effect on a participant's performance in a study than what was intended.
- 28Positive CorrelationA relationship between two co-variables such that as the value of one co-variable increases, the value of the other co-variable increases.
- 29Negative CorrelationAs one variable increases, the other decreases.
- 30Correlation Co-EfficientA number between -1 and +1 that tells us how closely the co-variables in a correlational analysis are related.
- 31Mundane RealismStudy mirrors the real world.
- 32Experimental RealismExtent to which participants take an experiment seriously.
- 33Single BlindType of research design in which the participant is not aware of the research aims.
- 34Double BlindResearch design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter is aware of the condition that an individual participant is receiving.
- 35Random AllocationRandom allocating participants to different groups.
- 36Lab ExperimentExperiment carried out in a controlled setting and enables the experimenter to draw conclusions about causal relationship between the IV and DV.
- 37Field ExperimentControlled experiment conducted in a natural setting. IV is still manipulated and therefore causal relationships can be demonstrated.
- 38Natural ExperimentResearch method in which the experimenter cannot manipulate the IV directly, but where it varies naturally and the effect can be observed on a DV.
- 39CorrelationDetermining the extent of a relationship between two variables.
- 40Naturalistic ObservationResearch method carried out in a naturalistic setting and investigator observes the behaviours.
- 41Controlled ObservationForm of investigation in which behaviour is observed but under controlled conditions.
- 42QuestionnaireResearch method in which data is collected through the use of written questions.
- 43InterviewResearch method that involves a face-to-face interaction with another individual.
- 44SurveysType of research method that could be in the form of a questionnaire but it is not anonymous.
- 45Case studyResearch method involving detailed study of a single individual, institution or event.
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- Psychology research methods keyword flashcards
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- Alfie Moorhead
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