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Karteikarten

Attachment

innocent.gemma Psychology AS - Level Englisch 38 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (38)

  1. 1What are the four key elements of attachment?- Long term emotional bond
    -Focused on an individual
    -Reciprocal
    -A desire for physical and emotional closeness
  2. 2What are the signs of attachment according to Maccoby? JPODSS-Joy on reunion
    -Proximity seeking
    -Orientation to the person
    -Distress on separation
    -Stranger anxiety
    -Secure base effect
  3. 3Why may JPODSS not be valid?The may reflect a child's personality, mood, wellbeing and previous experiences
  4. 4Who came up with the JPODSS theory of attachment?Maccoby
  5. 5What is reciprocityResearch shows that infants co-ordinate their actions with the CAREGIVER. From birth babies take turns with adults
  6. 6What is Interactional synchrony?When infants imitate the caregiver.
    Meltzoff and Moore found that infants as young as 2-3 weeks imitated face and hand gestures.
  7. 7Why is Meltzoff and Moore's interactional synchrony study unreliable?-Results are hard to replicate
    -Murry and Tevarthan say that the infant is an active and intentional partner with the mother
  8. 8Who did the interactional synchrony study?Meltzoff and Moore
  9. 9Who did the famous 'stages of development' study?Schaffer and Emerson
  10. 10Describe the sample of Schaffer and Emerson's 'Stages of development' study-60 working class infants
    -From Glasgow
    -5-23 weeks until they were 1 year old
  11. 11Describe the method of Schaffer and Emerson's 'Stages of development' study-Observed every 4 weeks in their own home
    -Mother had to report on child's response to separation.
  12. 12What is stage 1 of Schaffer and Emerson's 'stages of development'? (Include details of the stage including the age of the infant)Indiscriminate Attachment
    up to 3 months
    Infant is asocial. Many kinds of stimuli (social and non social) produce positive reactions
  13. 13What is stage 2 of Schaffer and Emerson's 'stages of development'? (include details of the stage and the age of the infant)Beginnings of Attachment
    4 months
    Infants enjoy company and get upset when an individual does not interact with them
    They smile more at familiar faces
  14. 14What is stage 3 of Schaffer and Emerson's 'stages of development'? (include details of the stage and the age of the infant)Specific Attachment
    7-9 months
    Protest when separated from the primary attachment figure.. They show a wariness of strangers. Quality not quantity of relationship
  15. 15What is stage 4 of Schaffer and Emerson's 'stages of development'? (include details of the stage and the age of the infant)Multiple Attachments
    10+ months
    They form other attachments, usually before 18 months
  16. 16What is wrong with Schaffer and Emerson's 'stages of development' study?-Unreliable data- open to social desirability and being subjective from the mother
    -Cultural variations- Specific sample/ hard to generalise
  17. 17What are some strengths of Schaffer and Emerson's 'stages of development' study?-Longitudinal study- Collecting more data
    -Naturalistic observation- The child is more likely to behave naturally
  18. 18What are the Key concepts of Bowlby's Attachment theory?-Attachment is instinctive
    -Monotropy
    -Internal working model
    -Sensitive period
  19. 19What is Monotropy?An attachment is focused on one individual
  20. 20What is the internal working model?A child's first attachment provides them with this template on which they base all future relationships e.g. Am I loveable? Are others trustworthy?
  21. 21What is the Sensitive Period?A child must form an attachment within the first three years of life or there will be serious consequences
  22. 22What is classical conditioning?Learning by association e.g. Pavlov's dogs
  23. 23What is operant conditioning?-Learning from consequences e.g. Skinners rats and pigeons
    -The consequence is the PRIMARY REINFORCER
    The person/thing that provides it is the SECONDARY REINFORCER
  24. 24What is the learning theory of attachment?-Behaviour is learnt and not instinctive
    -operant and classical conditioning
  25. 25What are some strengths of the learning theory of attachment?-Face validity- There is evidence from our own experiences that behaviour is learnt
    -Other studies- Pavlov's dogs and Skinner's rats support it
  26. 26What are some weaknesses of the learning theory of attachment?-Harlow's monkeys- learning theory focuses on food. The monkeys liked comfort
    -Schaffer and Emerson- infants prefer interaction
    -Validity- studies on animals not people
  27. 27What was the aim of Ainsworth's 'the strange situation' study/To develop a tool for assessing the quality of attachments and to identify the different types
  28. 28Describe the sample of 'the strange situation' study- 100 middle class American infants
    -With their mothers
    -They used a controlled observation method
    -All stages lasted 3 minutes apart from the first
  29. 29Describe 'the strange situation' study method-Carer brings child into the room and puts the child down.
    -A stranger enters the room
    -The carer leaves
    -The carer returns and stranger leaves
    -The infant is left alone
    -The stranger re-enters
    -The carer returns and stranger leaves
  30. 30What is Ainsworth's attachment -Type A-? (Include details of the attachment type)Insecure-avoidant
    They are confident to explore and have a low stranger anxiety
    They have no separation anxiety and avoid contact on reunion
  31. 31What is Ainsworth's attachment -Type B-? (Include details of the attachment type)Secure
    They have a high willingness to explore and display a high stranger anxiety
    Distressed on separation but sometimes easy to sooth and are enthusiastic on reunion
  32. 32What is Ainsworth's attachment -Type C-? (Include details of the attachment type)Insecure-resistant
    They have a low willingness to explore and display a high stranger anxiety
    They get extremely distressed on separation and seek but then reject attention on reunion
  33. 33What is Main and Solomon's 4th attachment type? (Include details of the attachment type)Insecure-disorganised
    Their behaviour is inconsistent
    e.g. they respond to stress with attachment behaviour then avoidance
    They showed confusion and may freeze or rock.
  34. 34What are some strengths of Ainsworth's 'the strange situation' study?-Easy to replicate- It provides us with a controlled procedure
    -High reliability- The results have been replicated
  35. 35What are some weaknesses of Ainsworth's 'the strange situation' study?-Sample bias- The sample is very specific and is not generalizable. It may not be valid in other countries
    -It may not be valid at all- The results could depend on the child's mood or previous experiences
  36. 36What is Ainsworth's explanation for the differences between attachment types?Securely attached children have mothers who sooth them, engage with them and provide physical contact (sensitive)
    Insecure children have mothers who do not respond to their needs
  37. 37What is Main and Weston's explanation for the differences between attachment types?They replicated the study with mums and dads and found they showed different attachment types depending on who thy were with
    sugges
  38. 38—

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AS - Level Psychology Karteikarten am Attachment , erstellt von innocent.gemma am 24/04/2016.
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