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3) How does hardware execute software?
Karten in diesem Stapel (15)
- 1What is the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) and what is it's primary component?It is the interface between hardware and software, with the primary component of assembly language
- 2What is MIPS?Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
- 3What do we mean when we say a MIPS instruction is 32 bits wide?The memory has 2^32 memory locations
- 4What are the three types of MIPS?I-type instruction involves data transfer
R-type instruction works on registers
J-type instruction works on jumps - 5Give 4 functions of the operation system-Maintains and provides access to the file system
-Deals with networking
-Maintains security through firewalls
-Facilitates error handling and recovery - 6What is data security in the context of operating systems?The operating system organises access to memory by individual programs and ensures memory allocated to each program is kept separate and secure from other programs
- 7What is virtualisation?The OS virtualises a machine; it provides abstractions that present clean interfaces to make a computer easier to use
- 8Explain what an interrupt is and how the OS uses them to deal with peripheral devices that operate slower than the CPUBuses are typically slow in comparison with the speed at which a CPU operates, and thus can result in a communication bottleneck. The operating system allows the CPU to continue with other tasks whilst our program waits for input. The input is only dealt with when the operating system’s interrupt handler announces that an interrupt has been raised (that is, input has been entered). The interrupt is signaled on one of the lines of the bus connecting the CPU and the input/output device. The interrupt handler makes the necessary arrangements, amongst other processes, so that our paused program resumes, with access to the keyboard input.
- 9What is process within an OS and what are the 2 essential elements of a process?Each executing program is called a process.
A process consists of a thread/threads of execution together with an address space - 10Explain the principle of mutual exclusionMultiple threads/processes need to communicate/synchronise. This leads to the problem of mutual exclusion; that is, ensuring that two threads are not in the critical section at the same time, where the critical section is exclusive access to some shared resource such as a memory location.
- 11Explain how the process of virtual memory works. Why is it required?Having many simultaneous processes means lots of RAM may be required and there may not be enough. Virtual memory is when the OS moves memory back and forth between RAM and the hard disk as required
- 12Describe the life cycle of processes within the operating system-New: The process is being created
-Ready: The process is not executing on the CPU but is ready
-Running: Process is executing on CPU
-Blocked: Process is waiting for an event
-Exit: Process has finished - 13What is a process control block (PCB) and what is it used for? Name 3 items in a PCBPCB= Data structure that the kernel uses to manage a process
-The process's unique ID
-The current state of the process
-Memory management information - 14Explain the principle of context switching with regard to process control blockContext switching=the process where the OS pauses one process and resumes another.
This can be very time consuming. Context switching entails managing the PCBs as different processes are given access to the processor - 15Give 2 topics within the research area known as computer visionComputer graphics and virtual reality
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