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Karteikarten

Key Terms French Revolution

Robin Connolly History A level Englisch 83 Karten

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  1. 1Ancien RegimeFrench society and government before 1789
  2. 2IntendantsOfficials directly appointed by and answerable to the crown who were mainly responsible for the police, justice, finance, public works and trade and industry
  3. 3GeneralitiesThe 34 areas into which France was divided for the purpose of collecting taxes and other administrative functions; each area was under the control of a intendant
  4. 4LivresFrance's currency (1 livre roughly 8p)
  5. 5Tax farmingA system where the government agrees a tax assessment figure for an area, which is the collected by a company that bids for the right to collect it
  6. 6VenalityThe sale and purchase of certain jobs which could be inherited by descendents
  7. 7PhilosophesA group of writers and thinkers who formed the core of the French enlightenment
  8. 8GuildOrganisation that tightly controls entry into trade
  9. 9CorveeUnpaid labour service to maintain roads, money could be replaced with labour
  10. 10Parlements13 high courts of appeal. All edicts handed down by the crown had to be registered by by the parliaments before they could be enforced as law
  11. 11DioceseAn area served by a bishop, made up of several parishes
  12. 12PluralityThe holding of more than one bishopric or Parish by an individual
  13. 13CahiersLists of grievances and suggestions for reform drawn up by representatives of each estate and presented to the estates-general
  14. 14VersaillesThe royal palace of the Bourbons and the seat of royal government built outside Paris by Louis XIV
  15. 15Feudal duesFinancial or work obligations imposed on the peasantry by landowners
  16. 16BourgeouiseMiddle-class urban dwellers who made a living through their intellectual skills or business practices
  17. 17SerfdomA system in which people were the property of the landowner
  18. 18ArtisanA skilled worker or craftsmen
  19. 19Sans-culottesLiterally 'those without knee-breeches' those who wore trousers and were classed as workers. Later used to identify the more extreme urban revolutionaries
  20. 20DeficitWhen expenditure is greater than income
  21. 21Pays d'etatsAreas that had local representatives of all three estates that contributed to the assessment and collection of royal taxes
  22. 22Estates-GeneralElected representatives of all three estates of the realm. Only summoned in times of extreme national crisis
  23. 23NotablesRich, powerful individuals; the elite who controlled the political and economic life of France
  24. 24PoliticisationA process in which people who were previously unconcerned with politics take an active interest in political issues which affect their daily lives
  25. 25Marxist historiansThose who interpret the Revolution as part of Marx's analysis of history as a series of class-based struggles, resulting ultimately in the triumph of the proletariat
  26. 26Revisionist historiansThose who reject Marxist analysis and provide a revised interpretation
  27. 27Social interpretationAn emphasis on changes in society- population trends, social class - as having a significant impact on the revolution
  28. 28Voting by orderEach estate votes separately on any issue. Any two estates together would outvote the third
  29. 29Voting by headDecisions taken by the Estates-General would be agreed by a simple vote with a majority sufficient to agree any policy. This favored the third estate, which had the most deputies
  30. 30ConservativesThose who did not want any reforms. They were deeply suspicious and skeptical for any social or political change
  31. 31LiberalsDeputies who were far more tolerant of differing political views and who supported a measure of cautious reform
  32. 32Primary assembliesMeeting places for voters
  33. 33Lettres de cachetsSealed instructions from the crown allowing detention without trial
  34. 34Popular movementCrowds of politically active Parisians who periodically took to the streets to protest
  35. 35Gardes-francaisesAn elite royal infantry regiment, many of whom deserted to join opponents of the king in July 1789
  36. 36JourneeDay of popular action and disturbance linked to great political change
  37. 37Citizens' militiaA bourgeoisie defense force set up to protect the interests of property owners in Paris. After the storming of the Bastille, it became the national guard
  38. 38Menu peupleUsed to describe ordinary people living in towns
  39. 39EmigresPeople, mainly aristocrats, who fled France during the Revolution, many emigres joined foreign opponents of the Revolution
  40. 40Counter-revoutionariesGroups and individuals hostile to the revolution, who wished to reverse any changes it made at the earliest opportunity
  41. 41HoardersThose who bought up supplies of food, keeping them until prices rose and then selling them at a large profit
  42. 42Patriot partyA loose group of progressive reformers, mainly nobles and bourgeoisie, who wanted changes to the political structure - a reduction in royal power in order to enhance their own positions
  43. 43CantonAn administrative subdivision of a department
  44. 44NationalisedTaken in to state control
  45. 45AssignatBonds backed up by the sale of Church land that circulated as a form of paper currency
  46. 46Suspensive vetoThe right to delay a measure proposed by the assembly
  47. 47RepublicA political system which does not have a hereditary head of state and where the supremacy of the people is recognized through mass democracy
  48. 48Legislative powerThe power to make laws. In an absolute system this power belongs to the Crown, while in a democracy it rests with elected representatives
  49. 49Executive powerThe power to make decisions relating to the government of a country
  50. 50DecentralisedDecision making devolved from the center to the regions of a country
  51. 51Constitutional monarchyWhere the powers of the Crown are limited by a constitution, aka a limited monarchy
  52. 52DepartmentsOn 26 February 1790, 83 new divisions for local administration in France were created to replace the old divisions of the ancien regime
  53. 53CommuneThe smallest administrative unit in France
  54. 54Active citizensCitizens who, depending on the amount of taxes paid, could vote and stand as deputies
  55. 55Passive citizensApproximately 2.7 million citizens who enjoyed the civic rights provided by the Declaration of the Rights of Man, but paid insufficient taxes to qualify for a vote
  56. 56LaboureursThe upper level of the peasantry who owned a plough and hired labour to work their land
  57. 57Biens nationauxThe nationalised property of the Church as ordered by the decree of 2 November 1789
  58. 58State monopolyA system whereby the State exercises total control over an industry and can set whatever price it wishes
  59. 59Tax rollsLists of citizens who had to pay taxes to the state
  60. 60Laissez-faireNon-interference in economic matters, so that trade and industry should be free from state interference
  61. 61Free tradeTrade without the imposition of taxes and duties on goods
  62. 62Collective bargainingWhere a trade union negotiates with employers on behalf of workers who are members
  63. 63PicketingThe practice of strikers trying to persuade others to join in
  64. 64GuillotineA machine introduced in 1792 for decapitating victims in a relatively painless way, became synonymous with the terror
  65. 65Legislative assemblyCame into existence in October 1791 and was the second elected Assembly to rule during the Revolution. It differed from the National/Constituent Assembly in that all members were directly elected
  66. 66AnnatesPayments made by the French Church to the pope
  67. 67National synodAn assembly of representatives of the entire church
  68. 68AvignonTerritory controlled by the pope in southern France
  69. 69Refractory priestsThose priests who refused to take the oath
  70. 70ConscriptionCompulsory military service
  71. 71PhysiocratsA group of French intellectuals who believed that land was the only source of wealth and that landowners should therefore pay the bulk of taxes
  72. 72CentralisationDirect central control of the various parts of government, with less power to the regions
  73. 73InsurrectionAn uprising of ordinary people, predominantly sans-coulottes
  74. 74InflationA decline in the value of money, which leads to an increase in the price of goods
  75. 75FeuillantsConstitutional monarchists, among them Lafayette, who split from the Jacobin Club following the flight to Varennes
  76. 76Alter of the fatherlandA large memorial to commemorate the Revolution
  77. 77Martial lawThe suspension of civil liberties by the State in an attempt to restore public order when there is severe rioting and mass disobedience
  78. 78Self-denying ordinanceMembers of the National Assembly were not permitted to stand for election to the new Legislative Assembly
  79. 79LeftThose seated on the left of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favoring extreme policies such as removing the King and having a republic
  80. 80RightThose seated on the right of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly and supporting a limited monarchy
  81. 81CentreThose who sat facing the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favoring neither left nor right
  82. 82GirondinsA small group of deputies from the Gironde and their associates - notably Brissot
  83. 83ParlementaireJudges who held hereditary positions on one of the thirteen parlements

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A level History Karteikarten am Key Terms French Revolution, erstellt von Robin Connolly am 29/12/2016.
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Robin Connolly
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