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Karteikarten

Urine Concentration

Louise Mason Veterinary Medicine Animal Disease 1 Englisch 63 Karten

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  1. 1What acts as counter-current multipliers?limbs of the Loop of Henle
  2. 2What acts as a counter-current exchanger to maintain an osmotic gradient?vasa recta
  3. 3What does the counter-current multipliers produce?osmotic gradient in the renal interstitial fluid
  4. 4The osmolarity of the fluid entering the Loop of Henle is the same as what other fluid?blood plasma
  5. 5What is the osmolarity like of the fluid that leaves the Loop of Henle?hypotonic
  6. 6What is the basis of counter current flow in the LoH?exchange across parallel and juxtaposed limbs where fluid is flowing in opposite directions
  7. 7How is counter current flow tied into heat maintenance?the temperature equalizes horizontally across the two vessels to allow heat maintenance
  8. 8At which point in the LoH is the tubule fluid at its maximum osmolarity concentration?the turn between ascending and descending limbs
  9. 9What processes occur in the thick ascending limb?impermeable to water and urea ; NaCl actively reabsorbed
  10. 10What effect does the reabsorption of NaCl in the thick ascending limbs have on the tubular fluid?dilutes it
  11. 11What impact does active reabsorption in the thick ascending limb have on water movement?increases osmolarity of interstitial fluid and so water leaves the thin descending limb via osmosis
  12. 12What processes take place in the thin ascending limb?impermeable to water ; permeable to Na+ and urea
  13. 13What processes take place in the thin descending limb?permeable to water
  14. 14The concentration of what ion equilibriates across tubule cell membranes?Potassium ions
  15. 15What happens to the tubule fluid as you move through the thin ascending limb and why?tubule fluid osmolarity decreases: ascends through increasingly lower interstitial osmolarity and so there is an increased loss of Na+
  16. 16In the counter current flow system, where are the large and small gradients placed?small gradients horizontally across ascending and descending tubules and a large gradient vertically
  17. 17What effect does a longer LoH have on the established gradient and why?creates a greater gradient as there is a more powerful system with a higher capacity for water reabsorption
  18. 18What is the main purpose of the vasa recta?to prevent the 'wash out' of solutes
  19. 19What level of osmolarity does the vasa recta maintain?hypertonicity
  20. 20What does the vasa recta remove from the tubular fluid?reabsorbed water and solutes
  21. 21What would happen if there was no operable vasa recta system?the diffusion of water into the interstitium would dilute the salt and urea transport into the medulla, with water building up in the inner medulla
  22. 22How are red blood cells affected by the hypertonic region within the vasa recta?they shrink/cremate as they pass through the hypertonic region
  23. 23As the blood descends through the vasa recta, what happens to it?it gains solutes and loses water to equilibriate with the interstitial fluid
  24. 24As the blood rises through the vasa recta towards the cortex, what happens to it?it recaptures water and loses solutes to preserve the hyperosmotic medullary interstitium
  25. 25What must equal the removal of solutes and water by the vasa recta?the influx of water and solutes into the meduallary interstitium
  26. 26As blood plasma in the vasa recta enters the medulla, which action is favored?water movement into the capillary
  27. 27How does the plasma concentration change as you move down the vasa recta?plasma osmolarity and the urea concentration increases
  28. 28How does the plasma concentration change as you move up the vasa recta?plasma osmolarity decreases and fluid moves into the capillary
  29. 29What is the permeability to water like in the distal tubule?low and constant
  30. 30What ionic movements take place in the distal tubule?Na+ and Cl- reabsorption
  31. 31What is involved in the ionic reabsorption in the distal tubule?NaCl symporter in the apical membrane driven by Na+K+ATPase in basal membrane
  32. 32What kind of transport process is the NaCl reabsorption in the distal tubule an example of?secondary active transport
  33. 33What is the term for the modified section of the distal tubule as it passes close to the glomerulus?juxtaglomerular apparatus
  34. 34What is another name for the distal tubules regarding their effect on tubule fluid?diluting segments
  35. 35What level of osmolarity will the fluid entering the collecting duct always be?hypotonic even if the animal is dehydrated
  36. 36What factors contribute to being able to excrete the maximum concentration of urine?active ion transport out of the thick ascending limb, urea reabsorption and the diffusion of NaCl out of the thin ascending limb
  37. 37Where does the collecting duct run?parallel to the ascending limb of LoH with its flow in the opposite direction
  38. 38Under normal conditions, the cortical and medullary sections of the collecting ducts are impermeable to what substances?water, urea and NaCl
  39. 39What hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water?ADH (Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
  40. 40Which part of the collecting duct is affected by ADH, with regard to water reabsorption?the whole length of the collecting duct
  41. 41What happens to urine concentration at maximum levels of ADH?max ADH = max urine concentration = urea is equal to 50% of the interstitial osmolarity in the inner medulla
  42. 42Which part of the collecting duct is affected by ADH for urea reabsorption?medullary section
  43. 43Approximately what percentage of the glomerular filtrate reaches the collecting duct?20%
  44. 44How much of the water that reaches the collecting duct is abstracted in the cortical section?3/4
  45. 45What percentage of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the medulla of the collecting duct?5%
  46. 46Why is there only a low level of fluid reabsorption in the medulla of the collecting duct?protects the hyperosmotic effect of the urine
  47. 47The amount of which dietary macronutrient affects urine concentration and how?Protein - more protein increases the ability to make more concentrated urine
  48. 48What is the urea concentration like in the medullary interstitium?high concentration that moves freely into the LoH and ascending tubules
  49. 49Why is it important to create a high urea concentration/osmolarity in the medulla?allows reabsorption of water in the presence of ADH
  50. 50What is the process of urea reabsorption and uptake called?urea recycling
  51. 51What two cell types are found within the collecting ducts?principal cells and intercalated cells
  52. 52What ions are principal cells involved in reabsorbing and how do they do it?Na+ (apical ion channels) and Cl- (driven by luminal negative charge)
  53. 53What do principal cells secrete in the collecting ducts?K+ ions via ion channels in the apical membrane
  54. 54What type of regulation are intercalated cells important for and via what mechanisms?pH regulation as they can secrete HCO3- or H+ ions
  55. 55What can be reabsorbed in the intercalated cells?K+ ions
  56. 56Which type of collecting duct cells are more tightly regulated?intercalated cells for fine tuning ion movement
  57. 57How are H+ ions secreted from intercalated cells?K+/H+ exchange using H+K+ATPase
  58. 58Which species can excrete hyperosmotic urine?mammals and birds
  59. 59What does the LoH set up to allow the concentration of urine in the collecting duct?the osmolarity in the medulla so that fluid can be reabsorbed in the collecting duct
  60. 60What does the maximum urinary osmolarity of a mammal correlate to?the ratio of numbers of juxtamedullary : cortical nephrons and the length of the Loop of Henles
  61. 61What effect will a slow rate of blood flow through the vasa recta have on urine concentration?decreases the solute loss from the medullary interstitium and so dilutes the urine concentration
  62. 62What is the basis of the excretion of concentrated urine?Na+,K+,Cl- pumped out of ascending limb, water drawn out of descending limb by osmosis, osmotic gradient in interstitium builds up
  63. 63If the fluid leaving the LoH is dilute relative to the plasma, what effect will this have on the urine concentration?leads to the excretion of more dilute urine

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Animal Disease 1 Veterinary Medicine Karteikarten am Urine Concentration, erstellt von Louise Mason am 19/03/2017.
Erstellt von
Louise Mason
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