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Models to Explain Learning Terms
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- 1classical conditioningA form of learning that occurs when two different stimuli are repeatedly paired, which results in the previously neutral stimulus consistently triggering an involuntary, reflexive response that did not occur previously
- 2conditioned stimulusthe stimulus that was previously neutral that has now been paired with the UCS and therefore elicits the conditioned response
- 3unconditioned stimulusany stimulus that consistently produces a particular naturally occurring/involuntary response which is the unconditioned response
- 4conditioned responsethe learned automatic response to the conditioned stimulus
- 5unconditioned responsethe automatic/reflexive response that is given when the unconditioned stimulus is presented
- 6neutral stimulusany object or event that does not normally produce a predictable response
- 7acquisitionthe process by which the individual learns to associate two events
classical- neutral stimulus and UCR
operant- behaviour and consequence - 8extinctionthe gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a response; in classical conditioning, extinction occurs over time when the unconditioned stimulus is not presented; in operant conditioning, extinction occurs over time when reinforcement ceases.
- 9spontaneous recoverythe reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period and after its apparent extinction.
classical- where no UCS was presented
operant- where reinforcement had ceased - 10stimulus generalisationthe tendency for similar stimuli to produce the same, but not necessarily identical, response.
classical- similar to the original conditioned stimulus
operant- similar to the original reinforced stimulus - 11stimulus discriminationclassical- when the conditioned response does not occur when another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is presented
operant- when the conditioned response does not occur when another stimulus similar to the original reinforced stimulus is presented - 12operant conditioningA type of learning for which the consequences of a behaviour (e.g reward or punishment) determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future
- 13voluntary behaviourresponses that are initiated by the organism
- 14reinforcementwhen a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows
- 15punishmentthe delivery of an unpleasant consequence following a response or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.
- 16response costWhen any stimulus valued by an organism is removed, whether or not it causes a response. e.g. speeding fine- also negative punishment (removal of money)
- 17reinforcerany stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows
- 18ABC modelA three phase model of operant conditioning involving antecedent which is the stimulus that precedes the behaviour and indicates the consequence, then the behaviour which is the voluntary activity that occurs due to the antecedent, followed by the consequence which is what happens after the behaviour.
- 19ABC model exampleantecedent- drink vending machine
behaviour- put in $2
consequence- get no drink and lose money
Effect on future behaviour- punishment (negative)- less likely to use the vending machine again. - 20positive reinforcementinvolves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made e.g. given stars for doing homework
- 21negative reinforcementinvolves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. e.g. let off doing chores
- 22positive punishmentinvolves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decreasing the likelihood of the response occurring again. e.g. running laps for showing up late
- 23negative punishmentinvolves the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of the response occurring again. e.g. removal of tv privilege
- 24observational learningoccurs when someone uses observation of a model's actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions.
- 25social learning theoryan approach to describing and explaining learning that emphasises the importance of the social context in which the learning occurs.
- 26attentionthe first step in the process of observational learning and involves closely watching a model's behaviour and its consequences.
- 27motivationthe desire to produce a response that was once observed
- 28reproductionwhen the model's behaviour has been closely attended to and retained in memory, we can attempt to reproduce or imitate the observed behaviour. We must however, have the ability to put into practice what we observed.
- 29retentionthe second step in the process of observational learning involving memory storage of the observed behaviour so the behaviour may be reproduced when needed.
- 30vicarious conditioningwhen an individual observes a model displaying behaviour that is either reinforced or punished and later behaves in the same way, in a modified way, or refrains from doing so as a result of the observation.
- 31vicarious punishmentwhen an individual observes a model displaying behaviour that is punished, which has the effect of reducing the likelihood of the observer performing that behaviour I a modified or identical way.
- 32vicarious reinforcementwhen an individual observes a model displaying behaviour that is reinforced, which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the observer performing that behaviour in a modified or identical way.
- 33antecedentthe stimulus that precedes the behaviour
- 34behaviour (ABC model)A voluntary action performed in response to the antecedent
- 35consequence (ABC model)the event that follows the behaviour that can be either reinforcement or punishment which will determine the likelihood of the behaviour being performed again
- 36self reinforcementoccurs when we are reinforced by meeting certain standards of performance we set for ourselves e.g. goals
- 37external reinforcementsomething presented by the environment or other people
- 38vicarious reinforcementindirectly observing a models behaviour and consequences
- 39positive reinforcerany desired stimulus when given strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response that it follows
- 40negative reinforcerany unpleasant stimulus that, when removed, strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response that it follows
- 41—
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- Beschreibung
- covers the topics -classical conditioning -operant conditional -observational learning
- Erstellt von
- Bonnie McDonald
- Aufrufe
- 34
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