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BIOLOGY HL DEFINITIONS IB

Luisa Mandacaru Biology Ib Diploma English 4.6Average rating 4.6 out of 5 (16 ratings) 87 cards 2,305 views

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  1. 1Define DIFFUSIONDiffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
  2. 2Define OSMOSISOsmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
  3. 33.1.1 State the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living thingsCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
    COHN
  4. 43.1.2 State the variety of other elements that are needed by living organismsSulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium.
    CPISS
  5. 5Role of SulphurNeeded for the synthesis of two amino acids.
  6. 6Role of CalciumStructure of bone and teeth
    Muscle contraction
    Transmission of nerve impulses
  7. 7PhosphorusIs part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate groups in ATP.
  8. 8Role of ironComponent of haemoglobin
  9. 9Role of sodiumTransmission of nerve impulses
  10. 10Define ENZYMESGlobular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions.
  11. 11Define ACTIVE SITERegion on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalyses a chemical reaction involving the substrates.
  12. 12Define DENATURATIONDenaturation is changing the structure of an enzyme (or other protein) so it can no longer carry out its function.
  13. 13Define CELL RESPIRATIONCell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
  14. 14Define GENESa heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic.
  15. 15Define ALLELEOne specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene
  16. 16Define GENOMEthe whole of the genetic information of an organism.
  17. 17Define GENE MUTATIONa change to the base sequence of a gene.
  18. 18Define HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMESchromosomes with the same genes as each other, in the same sequence but do not necessarily have the same allele of those genes.
  19. 19In karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to:to their size and structure.
  20. 20Genotype definitionthe alleles of an organism.
  21. 21PHENOTYPEthe characteristics of an organism.
  22. 22Dominant allele DEFINITIONan allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.
  23. 23Recessive Allelean allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.
  24. 24Codominant alleles:pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote.
  25. 25Locusthe particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene
  26. 26Homozygous:having two identical alleles of a gene.
  27. 27Heterozygous:having two different alleles of a gene.
  28. 28Carrier:an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele.
  29. 29Test cross:testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
  30. 30SEX LINKAGEwhen the gene controlling the characteristic is located on the sex chromosome and so we associate the characteristic with gender
  31. 31CLONEa group of genetically identical organisms or a group of genetically identical cells derived from a single parent cell
  32. 32SPECIESa group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
  33. 33HABITATthe environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism.
  34. 34POPULATIONa group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
  35. 35COMMUNITYa group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area
  36. 36ECOSYSTEMa community and its abiotic environment
  37. 37ECOLOGYa community and its abiotic environment
  38. 38AUTOTROPHSorganisms that synthesize their organic molecules from simple inorganic substances
  39. 39HETEROTROPHSheterotrophs are organisms that obtain organic molecules from other organisms.
  40. 40CONSUMERan organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed.
  41. 41DETRITIVOREan organism that ingests non-living organic matter.
  42. 42SAPROTROPHan organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.
  43. 43TROPHIC LEVELthe trophic level of an organism is its position in the food chain
  44. 443 FACTORS THAT LIMIT POPULATION INCREASE- Shortage of resources (e.g. food)
    - Increase in predators
    - Increase in diseases and parasites
  45. 45EVOLUTIONEvolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
  46. 46PORIFERA - FEATURES- no clear symmetry
    - attached to a surface
    - pores through body
    - no mouth or anus
    - example: sponges
  47. 47CNIDARIA - FEATURESRadially symmetric
    tentacles
    stinging cells
    mouth but no anus
    example: jellyfish
  48. 48PLATYHELMINTHS - FEATURESbilaterally symmetrical
    flat bodies
    unsegmented
    mouth but no anus
    example: tapeworm
  49. 49ANNELIDA - FEATURESbilaterally symmetrical
    bristles often present
    segmented
    mouth and anus
    example: earthworm
  50. 50MOLLUSCA - FEATURESmuscular foot and mantle
    shell may be present
    segmentation not visible
    mouth and anus
    example: slugs and snails
  51. 51ARTHROPODA - FEATURESbilaterally symmetric
    exoskeleton
    segmented
    jointed appendages
    example: spiders and insects
  52. 52State SOURCE, SUBSTRATE, PRODUCTS AND pH of AMYLASEEnzyme: AMYLASE
    Source: SALIVARY GLANDS
    Substrate: STARCH
    Products: MALTOSE
    pH: 7
  53. 53Enzyme, Source, Substrate, Products and pH of PROTEASEEnzyme: PEPSIN
    Source: STOMACH
    Substrate: PROTEINS
    Products: POLYPEPTIDES
    pH: 2
  54. 54Enzyme, Source, Substrate, Products and pH of LIPASEEnzyme: LIPASE
    Source: PANCREAS
    Substrate: TRIGLYCERIDES
    Products: FATTY ACIDS
    pH: 7
  55. 55BLOOD COMPOSITIONplasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets
  56. 56TRANSPORTED BY BLOODnutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat
  57. 57PATHOGENan organism or virus that causes a disease
  58. 58RESTING POTENTIALthe electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a cell that is not conducting an impulse
  59. 59ACTION POTENTIALthe reversal and restoration of the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a cell, as an electrical impulse passes along it (depolarization and repolarization)
  60. 60NUCLEOSOMESNucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins and held together by another histone protein.
  61. 614 STEPS OF TRANSLATIONinitiation, elongation, translocation and termination
    5 TO 3 DIRECTION
  62. 62WAYS IN WHICH MINERAL IONS IN THE SOIL MOVE TO THE ROOT- fungal hyphae (mutualism)
    - mass flow of water in the soil
    - diffusion of mineral ions
  63. 63DEFINE TRANSPIRATIONTranspiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants.
  64. 64POLLINATIONThe process of pollen transfer from an anther to a stigma
  65. 65FERTILIZATIONThe fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule. This forms a zygote.
  66. 66SEED DISPERSALThe fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule. This forms a zygote.
  67. 67LINKAGE GROUPA pair or set of genes on a chromosome which tend to be inherited together
  68. 68POLYGENIC INHERITANCEwhen a particular phenotype is determined by more than one gene
  69. 69IMMUNITYhaving sufficient biological defenses against infection
  70. 70ACTIVE IMMUNITYimmunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body’s defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
  71. 71PASSIVE IMMUNITYis immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including via the placenta, colostrum, or by injection of antibodies
  72. 72BONESPROTECTION AND STRUCTURE
  73. 73MUSCLESfacilitate the movement of limbs and work in antagonistic pairs
  74. 74LIGAMENTShold joints together; they link one bone to another.
  75. 75TENDONSmuscles to bones so that muscle contraction causes movement
  76. 76NERVESthe structures that allow the CNS to control muscles and cause contraction
  77. 77EXCRETIONis the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism AND
    consists of ultrafiltration followed by selective reabsorption
  78. 78OSMOREGULATIONis the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism
    is largely due to the effects of ADH on the collecting ducts and the action of the loop of Henle
  79. 79OPTION D - EVOLUTION ALLELE FREQUENCYis the frequency of an allele, as a proportion of all alleles of the gene in the population
  80. 80OPTION D - EVOLUTION GENE POOLAll the genes in a interbreeding population
  81. 81OPTION D - EVOLUTION HALF-LIFEThe time it takes for the radioactivity to fall to half of its original level
  82. 82OPTION D - EVOLUTION CLADISTICSis a method of classification of living organisms based on the construction and analysis of cladograms
  83. 83OPTION D - EVOLUTION CLADEis a group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
  84. 84OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOMASSIs the total dry mass of organic matter in organisms or ecosystems
  85. 85OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION GROSS PRODUCTIONthe total amount of organic matter produced by plants in an ecosysytem
  86. 86OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION NET PRODUCTIONis the amount of gross production in an ecosystem remaining after subtracting the amount used by plants in respiration
  87. 87OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOMAGNIFICATIONis the process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level

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Description
These are all the definitions you need to know for the Biology HL IB Diploma final exam (syllabus of 2009) - class of 2015 only
Created by
Luisa Mandacaru
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2,305
Rating
Average rating 4.6 out of 5 (16 ratings)

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