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TEMA 12: Essential morphosyntactic elements of the English language. Essential communicative structures. Progressive usage of grammatical categories in oral and written productions to improve communication.
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- 1TEMA 12 Definition of morphosyntaxMORPHOLOGY= study of grammatical form
SYNTAX= study of the relations of words in the sentences
MORPHSYNTAX= rules for changing a word's form and combining them into sentences - 2Essential elements of morphosyntax1) Morpheme
2) Words
3) Sentence - 31. MORPHEMESmallest unit with meaning of a language. if a morpheme has got different pronunciations it is called an allomorph.
FREE= can act as a word and appear with other lexemes
BOUND= cannot occur at their own - 4Morphemes are studied by1) Inflectional morphology -> the way in which words vary in order to express grammatical meanings.
2) Derivational morphology -> construction of new words - 52. WORDA unit of language which carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes. Words that have two or more steams are called compound words.
- 6Classification of words1) Closed classes: proposition, pronoun, determiner, conjuction, modal verb, primary verb.
2) Open classes: noun, adjetive, full adverb, adverb. - 7Processess to form words1) Affixation: prefixation, sufixation
2) Compound words
3) Derivation - 83. THE SENTENCESENTENCE= basic unit of analysis of syntax. It is a set of words expressing meaning.
CLAUSE= a set of words that make sense as a unit
PHRASE= shorter unit which has the function of a word. "was going = eating" - 9Structure of a sentenceQUIRCK
Subject = a noun or a nominal function to which the action relies
Predicate= a noun + a complement + object + adverbials - 10Classification of the sentencesSIMPLE SENTENCES= one clause
- attributive sentences : quality
- predicative sentences: action
MULTIPLE SNETENCES= more than one clause
-compound sentences: with a co-ordinator
-complex sentences: subordinated
-adjectival sentences: defining or non-defining
-adverbial sentences: related to the main clause by an adverb - 11Essential communicative structuresProvide ss with the techniques and structures to make themselves understood.
Depends of:
-the internal linguistic laws
-the intention of the speaker
-the context - 12Essential communicative structures (examples)-beginning and ending a conversation
-information, ideas, opinions
-asking people to do things
-decisions and interactions
-offers and invitations
-feelings
-good and bad - 13Progressive usage of grammar (linguistic basis)SAUSSURE: descriptive grammar
Difference between language and speech.
language= internet human's linguistic abilities
speech= patterned behaviour - 14Progressive usage of grammar (linguistic basis)CHOMSKY, difference between:
COMPETENCE= speakers knowledge of the language
PERFORMANCE= speaker's use of this rules - 15Progressive usage of grammar (conclusion of the linguistic basis)We need the grammatical knowledge of a language in order to become communicative competent as the grammatical structures are at the same time the most basic communicative patters.
- 16Role of grammar in EFL (approaches to teach)Grammar can be taught by two approaches
DEDUCTIVE= presents the ss a grammatical pattern and they practice by means of written or oral exercises. Best for the irregular patterns but demotivating.
INDUCTIVE= gives ss example of different sentences, T guides with questions to deduce what rule has all the examples, and then the ss practice with exercises. Key: to know what to ask and to choose carefully the examples. - 17Role of grammar in EFL (how to teach it)-meaningful and contextualized activities, not just learning grammar for the shake of grammar (useless)
-structural traditional approach -> graded from simple to difficult
-functional-notional approach -> select structures with a communicative nature
-corkscrew technique -> the structures appear in one unit and are repeated in different units after the first one - 18Role of grammar in EFL (didactic application)1. PRESENTATION= meaningful context related to the ss' interests.
2. ISOLATION AND EXPLANATION= sometimes it can be necessary to leave the context behind.
3. PRACTICE = practice to assimilate in several times. - 19Role of grammar in EFL (contributions to a succesfull learning)UR
-pre-learning
-value and repetition
-success-orientation
-heterogeneity
-teacher assistance
-interesting activities - 20Conclusion-the knowledges of the rules of a language makes us free on its use.
-grammatical competence is an essential part in the communicative competence development. - 21BibliographyHARMER, J (1989) Teaching and Learning grammar. Longmont
LARSEEN-FREEMAN (2000) Techniques and principles in language learning. OUP.
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