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Flashcards

Reformation Notes

Parker Hayes European History 12th grade English 41 cards

Cards in this deck (41)

  1. 1What were the three big complaints against the clergy prior to the Reformation?Clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and pluralism/absenteeism
  2. 2Who was Sixtus IV?Pope from 1471-1484; builds the Sistine Chapel and introduces humanism to the Vatican; involved with a plot to kill the Medici; nepotism
  3. 3Who was Innocent VIII?Pope from 1484-1492; had children out of wedlock (and as Pope), extravagant weddings for his kids, and libertine-esque parties; put the Church in immense debt and took payments to absolve people of their sins
  4. 4Who was Alexander VI?Pope from 1492-1503; member of the Borgia family who bought his way into the papacy; very much not abstinent; starts a war with France and personally leads combat; nepotism involved in some of the 43 cardinals he appointed
  5. 5Who was Pius III?Pope for 26 days in 1503
  6. 6Who was Julius II?Pope from 1503-1513; continues the war with France and commissions Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel
  7. 7Who was Leo X?Pope from 1513-1521; member of the Medici family; continues wars and extravagance; ramps up indulgences to help fund the church; is Pope during the initial stages of the Reformation
  8. 8Who was Clement VII?Pope from 1523-1534; Pope when Rome is sacked; lets Protestantism gain more power
  9. 9What is Justification by Faith?A Protestant tenet whereby faith in God alone with get you into Heaven
  10. 10Who was Tetzel (1465-1519)?A German preacher hired by Archbishop Albert to advertise indulgences throughout Germany
  11. 11Who was Martin Luther (1483-1546)?A German priest and theologian who wrote the "95 Theses" and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, launching Protestantism throughout Europe
  12. 12Why was Martin Luther not initially punished by the Church and the Holy Roman Empire?They were more concerned with the influx of Aztec gold and silver that was occurring at the same time (1517)
  13. 13What happened to Luther at the Diet of Worms?He was ordered to recant but refused because of his "understanding of the word of God"
  14. 14Who was Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)?A Swiss priest and theologian who agreed with Luther on many points of Protestantism but differed on the presence of Christ in the Eucharist
  15. 15What was the Confession of Augsburg (1530)?A work written by Luther to demonstrate and explain the primary differences between Lutheranism and Catholicism
  16. 16What was the impact of Lutheranism on the peasantry?The peasants got swept up in the spirit of rebellion and tried to defy their lords, resulting in over 70,000 peasant deaths and Luther's condemnation
  17. 17What was the impact of Lutheranism on women?Briefly, women were viewed as being on a relatively equal level as men
  18. 18Why did Henry VIII start his own church?To defy the Pope who would not grant him annulment
  19. 19What was the Act of Restraint (1533) and the Act of Supremacy (1534)?The two acts passed that granted Henry total control over the Church of England
  20. 20What was "Bloody" Mary's religious policy?Protestants burned at the stake, sought to unite England and Spain under Catholicism
  21. 21What was Elizabeth I's religious policy?People must attend the Church of England but they may privately practice any religion they like
  22. 22What is a politique?A political leader who places the importance of the state over the importance of religion
  23. 23What was the Counter-Reformation?An attempt by the Catholic Church to roll back the influence of Protestantism and to convert Protestants back to Catholicism
  24. 24What was the Catholic Reformation?A series of reforms and developments within the Catholic Church to address the corruption and misgivings identified by Luther
  25. 25What are the Jesuits?A missionary and scholarly sect of the Catholic Church used heavily during the 1500s and 1600s
  26. 26What was the Council of Trent?A council formed by members of the Catholic Church to review, reform, and enunciate church doctrine and practice
  27. 27What did the Council of Trent achieve?Fought nepotism and pluralism, educated the clergy, and created the Index of Forbidden Books
  28. 28Why were the wars of religion so large?Centralized states, more money given and needed, larger armies, production of gunpowder, and propaganda
  29. 29What did Francis I do during the French Wars of Religion?Taxed land and sold public offices to raise money for the war; threatened to take over all papal land in France; got permission from the Pope to appoint bishops and abbots
  30. 30What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)?A wave of Catholic violence against Protestants in France that began after the failed assassination attempt on Admiral Coligny; about 20,000 Protestants killed
  31. 31Who was Henry IV, or Henry of Navarre (1533-1610)?King of France who ruled as a politique, converting to Catholicism from Calvinism to try to unite France; assassinated in 1610
  32. 32What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)?An edict that granted some religious freedom to Calvinists in France
  33. 33Who was Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)?French clergyman who became the de facto leader of France and ruled as a politique, greatly increasing the authority and centralization of the French royals
  34. 34What was the Dutch War of Religion?A war fought between the Netherlands and Spain for both religious freedom and national independence; the Dutch were secretly funded by the English and were able to defeat Spain with their help
  35. 35What was the impact of the Dutch War of Religion?End of Spain as a global power, independence for the Netherlands, more global power for England, and the start of English colonies in the New World
  36. 36What were the Protestant Union and the Catholic League?Alliances formed between the German States based on religious grounds
  37. 37What happened during the Bohemian Phase of the 30 Years War (1618-1625)?Catholics make ground in Prague and the surrounding area, forcefully converting Protestants back to Catholicism
  38. 38What happened during the Danish Phase of the 30 Years War (1625-1629)?Protestant Denmark marches south in the German States but are generally unsuccessful in pushing back the Catholic League; the Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution that separates the States into a Protestant North and a Catholic South
  39. 39What happened during the Swedish Phase of the 30 Years War (1630-1635)?Gustavus Adolphus pushes the Catholic League out of the northern states and reasserts Protestant authority
  40. 40What happened during the Swedish-French Phase of the 30 Years War (1635-1648)?French Catholics join the Protestant League in fighting the Habsburgs; the war ends with the German States seeming to never be united under one name
  41. 41What were the results of the Peace of Westphalia (1648)?The 300 German States recognized as independent; Netherlands gain independence; Sweden gains control of the Baltic; power of the Holy Roman Emperor greatly reduced; and the German States separated North/South by religious lines

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12th grade European History Flashcards on Reformation Notes, created by Parker Hayes on 21/09/2022.
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Parker Hayes
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