Flashcards
Fallacies
Cards in this deck (46)
- 1What is the 'Strawman' fallacy?An argument that argues against a hyperbolic, inaccurate version of the opposition, rather than the actual argument.
- 2What is 'Slippery Slope' fallacy?When someone makes a claim about a series of events that would lead to one major event.
- 3What is 'Special Pleading' fallacy?When one cites something as an exception to a general or universal principle without justifying the special exception.
- 4What is 'Gambler's Fallacy'?Also called the ‘Monte Carlo’ fallacy. It’s the belief that a certain random event is less likely to happen based on the outcome of a previous event.
- 5What is the 'Black-or-White' fallacy?Also called the ‘either-or’ fallacy. This is a false dilemma that presents only two options or sides when there are actually many options.
- 6What is 'False Cause' fallacy?The link between premises and conclusion depends on some imagined casual connection that probably does not exist.
- 7What is an 'Ad Hominem'?Fallacy that invalidates opponent’s opinion based on personal trait or fact about the person.
- 8What is a 'Loaded Question'?A question that contains a controversial or unjustified assumption.
- 9What is a 'Bandwagon' fallacy?Also called ‘appeal to common belief’, about getting people to do or think something because “everyone else is doing it”.
- 10What is 'Begging the Question'?Argument’s premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Work to obscure actual points in controversy.
- 11What is an 'Appeal to Authority' fallacy?Insisting that a claim is true because a figure of authority said so without any supporting evidence.
- 12What is an 'Appeal to Nature' fallacy?Appeal to things being 'Natural'.
- 13What is the 'Composition/Division' fallacy?When one infers that something is true of the whole fact from the fact that part of the fact is true.
- 14What is an 'Anecdotal' fallacy?When anecdotal evidence is presented as an argument, without any contributing evidence or reasoning.
- 15What is an 'Appeal to Emotion' fallacy?Effort to win arguments without facts, logic, or reason but instead by manipulating the emotions of the audience.
- 16What is the 'Tu Quoque' fallacy?From Latin meaning 'you also', fallacy to attack the opposition as being inconsistent with their argument.
- 17What is the 'Burden of Proof' fallacy?When someone evades the burden of proof, or when one must prove one's assertion themselves.
- 18What is the 'No True Scotsman' fallacy?'Appeal to purity', one protects universal generalizations from falsifying a counterexample and excluding the counterexample properly.
- 19What is the 'Texas Sharpshooter' fallacy?When differences in data are ignored but similarities are overemphasized.
- 20What is the 'Fallacy' fallacy?The assumption that because a claim is poorly argued, or a fallacy is made, that the claim is wrong.
- 21What is the 'Personal Incredulity' fallacy?What is true must be easy to imagine or understand.
- 22What is the 'Ambiguity' fallacy?An unclear or muddles statement that leads the listener or reader to an incorrect conclusion.
- 23What is a 'Genetic' fallacy?The irrelevance of information is determined off their origin rather than content.
- 24What is 'Middle Ground' fallacy?The understanding that compromise is good, so the truth must be some sort of compromise.
- 25What is anchoring?When a person relies heavily on the first piece of information they receive.
- 26What is confirmation bias?The tendency to favor information which confirms an already existing belief.
- 27What is the backfire effect?When evidence-based correction is presented and they report to believe even more in the misconception that the correction is trying to rectify.
- 28What is declinism?The belief that society or an institution has a tendency towards the decline. View that the past is more favorable.
- 29What is the 'Just-World Hypothesis'?The idea that the world is just and people will 'get what they deserve', that actions have morally fair repercussions.
- 30What is the 'Sunk-Cost' fallacy?When a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy or course of action because they have already invested heavily in it.
- 31What is the 'Dunning-Kruger' effect?When people with limited knowledge or competence in a given intellectual or social domain think they know more than those with actual knowledge and overestimate their knowledge.
- 32What is the 'Barnum' effect?Tendency to accept certain information to be true, as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless.
- 33What is the 'Framing' effect?An individual's choice from a set of options influenced by how the information is presented to them.
- 34What in 'In-Group' bias?The tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others in their same group.
- 35What is 'Fundamental Attribution Error'?An individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own behavior to external situational factors outside of their control.
- 36What is the 'Placebo effect'?Believing something to work even if they are unaffected by what they took, and attribute it to their own psyche.
- 37What is the 'Halo effect'?Attributing positive characteristics of people, products, things, ect. based upon one positive aspect about them.
- 38What is the 'Bystander effect'?The presence of others discourages an individual's actions because 'someone else will do it'.
- 39What is the 'availability heuristic'?Making a decision based upon information readily available to you.
- 40What is 'belief bias'?Tendency to rely on prior beliefs rather than obey fully logical principles.
- 41What is groupthink?Thinking in a group way that discourages individuality and creativity.
- 42What is optimism bias?Belief that you are less likely to experience shitty things than your peers.
- 43What is reactance?The tendency to do the opposite of what someone tells you to do because you think they're trying to restrict your freedom.
- 44What is the curse of knowledge?An individual communicating to others in a way when they think their audience has a better understanding of the topic than they actually do.
- 45What is a 'self-serving bias'?Common habit of someone taking credit for positive outcomes or events, and blaming outside effects for negative events.
- 46What is negativity bias?
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- Undergrad Fund Oral Comm Flashcards on Fallacies, created by Chloe Petersen on 26/09/2022.
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- Chloe Petersen
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