Flashcards
Moral & Ethical Issues
Cards in this deck (22)
- 1What Activity is Often Tracked Online?> Search terms
> Visited websites through cookies
> Purchased items
and much more - 2What is the Problem with Online Activity Tracking?> General privacy concerns, i.e., corporations have massive amounts of data for each individual
> Advertisers often use this data to show extremely targeted advertisements
> Then is a lack of regulations about tracking data; many companies do so without permission (thank God for the EU) - 3What is Censorship?> Generally, the control or suppression of what can be accessed, viewed, or published, usually by a government or organisation
> Many governments use this to limit what their citizens can access online - 4What are the Advantages of Censorship?> Can be used to block illegal content
- 5What are the Disadvantages of Censorship?> Some governments censor political websites that oppose their own regime
> Some governments censor communications to other countries
> Basically anything that limits freedom - 6What are some Positive Cultural Impacts of Modern Technology?> Social interaction is much easier, e.g., through social networks
> Tools such as computerised imaging, modelling diseases, and artificial intelligence has revolutionised the health industry
> Online learning platforms provide access to courses, often for free
> Government services can be applied for online, making it easier for those who need it, and cheaper for the government
> Work is no longer limited to one location (as evidently shown during COVID) - 7What are some Negative Cultural Impacts of Modern Technology?> Social media allows for the spread of fake, or exaggerated information extremely quickly
> Users of social media often receive an idealised view of others
> Cyberbullying and trolling on social media is common, but is difficult to effectively police
> Work-life balance can be thrown off if work is not limited to office hours; this can lead to poor mental health and wellbeing
> The overuse of technology can have particularly bad impacts on one's health, e.g., addiction, repetitive strain injury, eye strain, neck and back problems
> Technology is expensive, and therefore poorer areas suffer a divide in many areas, e.g., education - 8What is E-Waste?> Discarded electronic devices. yup it's that simple
- 9Why is E-Waste so Common?> Technology is hard to repair, often because of manufacturers themselves (up the right to repair movement), making it easier to replace a product
> Technology is often manufactured to have short life-spans, making people replace their device every 12-18 months (thanks Apple! and capitalism) - 10What is the Problem with Disposing E-Waste?> Often includes toxic chemicals
> Strict rules about the disposal of e-waste, imposed by the WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment)
> These rules are often bypassed by sending e-waste to poorer countries with fewer regulations, causing problems for their food and/or water - 11Why are Data Centres Bad for Energy Consumption?> Servers need to be powered, but also the hardware needs to be cooled, which takes up massive amounts of energy
> In 2011, it was calculated that data centres take up 2% of America's total power consumption - 12How can Data Centres' Energy Consumption be Reduced?> Using hot and cold aisles to ensure that the server's outtake does not blow into another's intake
> Virtualisation can reduce the amount of physical servers by splitting one piece of hardware into multiple virtual servers, which reduces redundant servers - 13What is the Problem with Natural Resource Mining for Technology?> Electronic devices often contain a lot of rare materials, which only occur in small quantities
> Mining for said resources is usually done in countries with less / no human rights
> Crude oil is used for plastics, which has many detrimental environmental impacts, e.g., spillages - 14What are some Positive Environmental Impacts due to Technology?> Online communication reduces the need for travel, reducing pollution, particularly from cars, trains, and planes
> Modelling allows for scientists to monitor and predict the effects of climate change
> Models and simulations have been used to test and improve the efficiency of various devices, e.g., car engines
> Automation allows for exact amounts of resources to be used, e.g., in central heating
> Advent of digital documents allows for paperless communication, reducing documentation - 15How should the Layout of Content on the Internet be Considered?> Majority of webpages are displayed with important information on the top left of the page
> Many languages read right-to-left, instead of left-to-right, so alternative layouts should be made available - 16How should Colours (in websites and branding) on the Internet be Considered?> Colours have different connotations around the world
> For example, red in Western cultures usually indicates a warning, but in China, it signifies good luck
> Blue is often seen as the safest colour, which is why so many brands use blue - 17How should Character Sets on the Internet be Considered?> Wherever possible, use Unicode, which uses 32-bits per character, allowing for up to 4 billion characters
> Standards like ASCII can only account for Latin characters, with ASCII Extended only including support for some accents - 18What is Artificial Intelligence?> Code that allows for computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence
- 19What is Machine Learning?> Process where AI improves its performance through experience / access to data
> It is a subset of AI - 20What are the Positives of Artificial Intelligence?> Humans do not have to perform dangerous tasks
> Humans do not have to perform menial tasks
> New jobs will exist (e.g., programming more advanced AI), creating a more skilled workforce
> Future predictions for AI are pretty cool if you ask me - 21What are the Negatives of Artificial Intelligence?> People can easily lose their jobs to artificial intelligence, as it saves businesses money
> AI developed through machine learning can have data bias, which disadvantages people for no reason - 22How can Data Bias be Removed from Machine Learning?> Thoroughly test the data being used before feeding it to the AI
> Datasets must be suitably broad
> Datasets must be a suitable size - too large and it is difficult to filter through manually, too small and there is not enough range
> Use a large and diverse programmer base to ensure there is no unconscious bias introduced
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- A level Computer Science (Moral and Ethical Issues) Flashcards on Moral & Ethical Issues, created by Malachy Moran-Tun on 07/12/2022.
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- Malachy Moran-Tun
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