Flashcards
geography
Cards in this deck (15)
- 1Indonesia. 1960's - president Suharto opened Indonesia's markets. American and European TNCs built a new legal and economic framework for foreign investors. Indonesia became popular as an offshoring location for TNCs - e.g. Gap and Levis. World Bank lending funded modernisation of roads, power supplies, and ports. But capital city, Jakarta, became a low tax haven for sweat shop manufacturing.India.
Financial reforms in 1991. Since this Indian TNCs have grown in size and influence.
Tata, and Bharti Airtel, (mobile network operator) have become major global players.
Until 2013 foreign retailers could only gain presence on India's high streets by forming a partnership with a local Indian business.
McDonald's in North & East are joint between McD's Corporation and Vikram Bakshi. These rules deter other retailers, e.g, Ikea, so 90% of India's shops are family owned. - 2Free-market Liberalisation. (Neoliberalism) Ronald Reagan & Margaret Thatcher. Government intervention in markets impedes economic development. Trickle down will occur as overall wealth increases. In practice=restrictions lifted on working methods of companies and banks. Deregulation of London in 1986, paved the way for London to become leading global hub for financial services and home to 'non-dom' billionaires.Privatisation.
Allowing foreign investors to gain a stake in privatised national services and infrastructure. Until 1980's assets such as railways & energy supplies were owned by the state. Running them was costly, so they were sold to reduce government spending & raise money. Ownership of many assets has passed overseas.
French company Keolis has a large stake in southern England's railway network, & EDF owned by Electricite de France. Since global financial crisis, UK has approached Chinese & Middle Eastern sovereign wealth funds to help new infrastructure projects. - 3Encouraging business start-ups. UK-1994, introduction of Sunday trading. Made it more attractive for foreign retailers, like Burger King and Disney Store. Italy has eased restrictions on Chinese investors looking to set up textile companies inside the EU. Because of this the city of Prato now has the largest Chinese population in Europe.International Organisations.
International Money Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organisation, collectively building 'free trade consensus'.
'Bretton Woods institutions' established after WW2 to restabilise world economy and avoid great depression conditions.
New alternatives to BW are emerging. in 2010 China Development Bank loaned over $110bn to developing countries.
WTO has so far failed to get it's 159 member countries to reach a global agreement on any aspect of trade. - 4Zambia. 8th largest producer of copper, but landlocked so reliant on good political relations with neighbours to access ports Tanzanian or Angolan coasts by rail. TanZam railway-1860km- 1970's. By 2000 it was in poor repair but Chinese investment upgraded it. Benguela rail link, also funded by China, carries copper to Angolan coast. Copper value has fallen as fibre-optic cables replace it in telecommunications. Since 2000 privatisation and debt cancellation reduce Zambia's debt, and $20bn has been invested in the industry, allowing partial processing to add value to the copper and increase the country's income.Tanzania.
80% working pop. employed in agriculture.
2006-2016, raw-cotton fluctuated from $0.40 per pound to $2.00. Due to global overproduction cotton prices frequently fall, meaning there is no guarantee of income for Tanzania. They had serious debt until 2001, but many were cancelled thanks to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. Income gained from crops is now put towards education and healthcare.
Growing investment links with India, China, Japan, and United Arab Emirates to export farm produce and minerals resources. - 5Rana Plaza collapse. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2013, lead to the deaths of 1100 textile workers. Workers had been in to complete international orders even though crack had appeared in the building overnight. After this the Accord on Fire and Building Safety was introduced and many British TNCs have signed it, promising to ensure regular safety checks in all Bangladeshi factories that supply clothes.Local sourcing solution.
Fiji water, transported 20,000km to UK supermarkets. Low pricing of containerised transport, as well as cheap labour and material costs in developing countries allowed TNCs to develop global production networks. But these maximise carbon footprints. A carbon tax could be introduced, but some citizens adopt a more ethical consumption strategy by purchasing locally sourced products, not those with high food miles. - 6The Eden Project. Popular tourist site in Cornwall. 600,000 meals provided a year for visitors, 90% produce bought from local suppliers. Locally sourced produce can be more expensive, a 'middle-class luxury', but pressure groups and NGOs like Greenpeace argue that they are not really cheaper because of the costs of rising greenhouse gases on society.Fairtrade.
2009-Starbucks served first Fairtrade coffees, claiming to help farmers improve quality and sustainability, as well as supporting 1000s of families. Starbuck's Fairtrade Certified Espresso Roast is sourced from farms in Guatemala, Costa Rica, & Peru, but in 2014 only 8.5% was Fairtrade certified. - 7Ethical Shopping. M&S only sells Fairtrade treas and coffee, naturally dyed clothes and fabrics, in ordeer to reduce carbon emissions. All supermarket chains display ethical shopping credential. Farm Aware meat and named supplierson food products. Farmers' markets are becoming more common as well. But buying organic causes more deforestation. Fertilisers & pesticides are used less so more land is required to produce the same amount. Fairtrade does raise farmers' incomes, but also increases potential for overproductions, causing prices to fall.Food miles are reduced with local food but most consumers use cars to go shopping, using more energy than home deliveries.
Growing cash crops, even under fairtrade conditions, can mean some farmers don't grow enough food to feed their families. - 8Transition Towns. Totnes in Devon was the world's first, with a population of 8000, promoting local sourcing to increase sustainability. By 2016 the idea had reached 50 countries, due to social media and the global network allowing it to be spread further. 2012-Bristol introduced 'Bristol Pound', a community currency aiming to encourage people to spend in local businesses in Bristol rather than chain stores or TNCs. However this can threat global economic growth as it reduces the demand for new items from overseas.Transition Positives.
£10 spent locally is worth £23 to local economy through multiplier effect, so people gain employment as well as involvement.
That same £110 would only be worth £13 if spent in a supermarket because profits go to the Head Office.
Transition Negatives.
Some services-like transport-are coodinated centrally so are more difficult to influence. Transition would also be hard in a large city like London, but there are around 40 community scale initiatives across London, like the Crystal Palace Food Market, Brixton Pound, and Brixton Energy, - 9Sustaining Globalisation. Most HICs live beyond their environmental means. If all countries matched the UK, at its current level of consumption, would take 3.1 Earths. At current rates of growth, the world as a whole will need 2 planets' worth of resources by 2050.The global ecological footprint per capita should equal biocapacity, 1.7 global hectares. So Luxembourg is currently demanding 9x more resources and waste disposal than the planet can regenerate or absorb into the atmosphere.Legislating.
Laws can be put in place to limit numbers of economic migrants, but illegal immigration can be an issue.
Large numbers of refugees arrived in Europe from Syria and poor Africans like Somalia. Some crossed the Mediterranean, others arrived at Hungary & Serbia, having walked there. Since 1984 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has guaranteed refugees the right to seek and enjoy asylum.
Around 40 governments limit access to online info, but a 'dark web' exists which is harder to control. - 10HS2 Work on Phase 1 began in 2017,with planned first services in 2026. Phase 2a to Crewe on the left leg of the "Y" is due to start services in 2027, and the remaining phase 2b by 2033. Linking London, Birmingham, the East Midlands, Leeds and Manchester. £30 billion to be funded by the government.CASE STUDY: Siberia
Coal mining, large source of income- South Siberian railway makes this vs vital for Russia. South Siberian railroad makes it prosper - easy trade.
Huge oil pipelines connect Western Siberian petroleum basic to western cities, contributing to the economy.
Warmth from Atlantic allows for vast amounts of crops such as wheat.
Siberian Federal District trying to reduce poaching due to negative environmental impacts despite positive economic impacts. Despite restrictions hunting of rare animals like Siberian tigers is still an extreme problem. - 11CASE STUDY: Antarctic. Much of the Antarctic's value comes from its beautiful landscape, and ecosystem. 1985 discovery by British Antarctic Survey of hole in ozone layer above Antarctica. Protection of environment is fundamental in planning activities in the Antarctic Treaty area. Antarctica's ice accounts for 90% of the world's fresh water supply, so it has great potential as a water supply. However delivery costs are too high to carry out proposed towing of icebergs to areas in need of fresh water.CASE STUDY: Liverpool.
Port in 18th/19th century. Mid 20th decline since containerisation suited deeper ports like in Bristol better. Factories closed, unemployment rose to one of highest in UK. Middle classes left inner city Toxteth for suburbs. March 1981, Tate & Lyle's sugar refinery closed, 2000 jobs lost.Students, unemployed, and immigrants moved to Toxteth. Toxteth riots June 1981 -9 days- highlighted need for help, but only 'managed decline' given, 11% in most deprived 1% in country.
Last decade: £6bn private and public invested. European Capital of Culture 2008. Liverpool 1-£1bn redevelopment. - 12CASE STUDY: Queen Elizabeth Olympic park. Planned since 2012 as an area of growth. Designed to improve East London's brand and attract fresh investment. Westfield Shopping Centre part of this rebranding. International Quarter - 400,000m2 of offices (likely large banks), a 4star hotel, and 330 new homes, along with 25,000 new jobs. Residential area e.g. Sweetwater, and Chobham Manor, 9000 new homes by 2025.CASE STUDY: Grampound.
2011 - 25% population aged over 65 & 1/3 households consisting of single people.
2013- community shop closed - owner retired.
Nov 2014 - new community shop opened.
257 of 280 households stakeholders in new shop, raising £20,500.
Prince's Countryside Fund awarded £19,000.
In total the village raised over £50,000.
2008 - Grampound won UK's best community in the South West region, and came second in the UK finals. - 13Regen schemes: Cornwall. -Waste incinerator in St Dennis, built despite protests in poorest area, created only 7 jobs. Emissions are a concern. -Wind turbines, caused protests with claims of them ruining countryside but Grampound was persuaded with £15,000 annually for community projects. Grampound engagement: 18.7% aged 65-84 vs 14.2% nationally. More women engage in community work than men, 2015, women were the majority on many working groups and committees. 2011, only 8 per 10,000 were short term residents.Mississippi Drainage Basin.
4th largest basin, more than 3,220,000km2.
Empties into Gulf of Mexico. Highest point point is Mount Elbert, 4,400m.
Retention time 90 days.
Fed by 2 main tributaries, Ohio river provides most water, Missouri large sediment. - 14Indus River Basin. 3,610km - one of the longest in Asia. National river of Pakistan. Drainage area over 1million km2. Annual flow 232km3. Pakistan, India, Tibet, Afghanistan. 29,000 square miles outside basin dependent on water. Entire basin in Pakistan receives 15 inches of rainfall a year in monsoon months.Tigris-Euphrates river system.
Transboundary-Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, & Jordan.
Conflict over water rights arose in Iraq, Turkey, and Syria during the 1960s. Turkey built 22 dams to harvest water from the rivers. 2008 drought in Iraq, Turkey increased flow several times.
1975-developments almost led to warfare. Turkey's military support for Israel and Syria's involvement for Kurdish separatists factored. Turkey threatened military action against Syria in 98.
2001- Syria and Turkey agreed on a protocol for water usage and land development projects, but conflict is unresolved. - 15CASE STUDY: California. 1 of highest water needs in US, met by Sierra snowpack, groundwater, & surface runoff & reservoirs. Causes include: Lack of new infrastructure despite pop. doubling since 1979, climate change, large water consumption, 2.7trl gallons in cattle feed, 2.3trl gallons urban usage. 2016 - >102mil trees dead due to catastrophic wildfires. Planting of milkweed to save water, increased monarch butterfly population. 2017, unseasonably wet so deserts are experiencing "super bloom." After years of drought, the normally arid desert is lush.But climate change means more droughts are likely.
2016 - >102mil trees dead due to catastrophic wildfires. Planting of milkweed to save water, increased monarch butterfly population.
2017, unseasonably wet so deserts are experiencing "super bloom." After years of drought, the normally arid desert is lush. But climate change means more droughts are likely.
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- Flashcards on geography, created by Claudia Johnston on 06/01/2018.
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