CHEM 201—Functional Groups

Question	Answer
Functional Groups	Recognized collections of atoms with the same structure which implies they have the same properties. Have known reactivity
Carboxylic Acid	Has a COOH group and has acid properties but can be attached to another molecule
Carboxylic Acid Family	Includes carbonyl groups, acid chlorides, acid hydrides, esters, and amides
Carbonyl Group	Is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen that has two lone pairs
Acid Chlorides	Have a carbonyl group connected to a chloride
Acid Hydrides	Have a carbonyl group that is bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to another carbonyl group
Ester	A carbonyl group that is bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to other things
Amide	A carbonyl group that is bonded to a nitrogen
Carbonyl Family	Includes ketones, aldehydes, and formaldehydes
Ketone	A carbonyl group bonded to two carbons from the central carbon
Aldehyde	A carbonyl group bonded to a carbon and a hydrogen
Formaldehyde	A carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogens from the central carbon
Alcohol Family	Includes ethers and amines
Ether	An oxygen with two lone pairs bonded to a carbon on either side which can be bonded to other things
Amine	A nitrogen with two lone pairs that is bonded to three other things
Polarity	The carboxylic acid family will be polar because of the carbonyl dipole on the edge of the molecule, and the alcohol family will be non-polar because more than one dipole is pointing inward
Constitutional Isomers	When a something has the same molecular formula but different connectivity
Image: Ester (binary/octet-stream)	Ester
Image: Ether (binary/octet-stream)	Ether
Image: Carboxylic Acid (binary/octet-stream)	Carboxylic Acid
Image: Acid Hydride (binary/octet-stream)	Acid Anydrides
Image: Acid Chloride (binary/octet-stream)	Acyl Halide
Image: Alcohol (binary/octet-stream)	Alcohol
Image: Aldehyde (binary/octet-stream)	Aldehyde
Image: Amine (binary/octet-stream)	Amine
Image: Amide (binary/octet-stream)	Amide
Image: Formaldehyde (binary/octet-stream)	Formaldehyde
Image: Ketone (binary/octet-stream)	Ketone
Image: Nitrile Group (binary/octet-stream)	Nitrile
Image: Thiol+Group (binary/octet-stream)	Thiol
Image: Sulfide+Group (binary/octet-stream)	Sulfide
Image: Alkyl+Halide Group (binary/octet-stream)	Alkyl Halide
Image: Nitro Group (binary/octet-stream)	Nitro

Functional Groups

Recognized collections of atoms with the same structure which implies they have the same properties. Have known reactivity

Carboxylic Acid

Has a COOH group and has acid properties but can be attached to another molecule

Carboxylic Acid Family

Includes carbonyl groups, acid chlorides, acid hydrides, esters, and amides

Carbonyl Group

Is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen that has two lone pairs

Acid Chlorides

Have a carbonyl group connected to a chloride

Acid Hydrides

Have a carbonyl group that is bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to another carbonyl group

Ester

A carbonyl group that is bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to other things

Amide

A carbonyl group that is bonded to a nitrogen

Carbonyl Family

Includes ketones, aldehydes, and formaldehydes

Ketone

A carbonyl group bonded to two carbons from the central carbon

Aldehyde

A carbonyl group bonded to a carbon and a hydrogen

Formaldehyde

A carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogens from the central carbon

Alcohol Family

Includes ethers and amines

Ether

An oxygen with two lone pairs bonded to a carbon on either side which can be bonded to other things

Amine

A nitrogen with two lone pairs that is bonded to three other things

Polarity

The carboxylic acid family will be polar because of the carbonyl dipole on the edge of the molecule, and the alcohol family will be non-polar because more than one dipole is pointing inward

Constitutional Isomers

When a something has the same molecular formula but different connectivity

Image: Ester (binary/octet-stream)

Ester

Image: Ether (binary/octet-stream)

Ether

Image: Carboxylic Acid (binary/octet-stream)

Carboxylic Acid

Image: Acid Hydride (binary/octet-stream)

Acid Anydrides

Image: Acid Chloride (binary/octet-stream)

Acyl Halide