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- 1label the ocean basins on the map.A- Pacific
B- Australian Indian
C- Atlantic
D- Arctic European - 2What are passive ocean margins?-found along most coastal areas that surround the Atlantic
-are not associated with plate boundaries.
-These have more beachy areas. - 3what are active ocean margins?-Found along much of Pacific Ocean –Associated with plate boundaries
-have trenches and seismic activity - 4what are submarine canyons?steep valleys in the continental slope seeming to have been
eroded by turbidity currents - 5what are abyssal plains?averages 4000m deep, in every ocean, flat and level, thick
accumulations of sediment - 6what is a mid ocean ridge?located on faults, thick basaltic layers, new volcanic
formations frequently occur - 7What are the 4 types of ocean sediment? where do they come from?-Terrigenous : from land
- Biogeneous: biologically produced (2)
- Hydrogenous: chemically produced
- Cosmogenous: from space - 8What are the 2 types of biogeneous sediment?Calcerous ooze- produced from microscopic organisms in warm surface water
Siliceous ooze- composed of skeletons of diatoms and radiolarians - 9what is salinity?- total quantity of dissolved inorganic solids in water
- 10What are the sources of salts?weathering on land delivers solutes, outgassing from volcanic eruption/hydrothermal vents
- 11what are the sinks of salts?hydrothermal systems, chemical precipitation
- 123 major components of ocean salt are:Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate
- 13what processes increase salinity? decrease?increase: evaporation, formation of sea ice
decrease: precipitation, runoff, ice melting from ice burgs or sea ice - 14how does temperature change with depth?low latitudes: have high surface temp and rapid thermocline
high latitudes: have cooler and consistent temperatures. - 15what is thermocline?rapid temperature decrease with depth
- 16what influences water density?Salinity and temperature
- 17why is density important to ocean life?density fluctuations cause the rise and fall of nutrients and enable or disrupt the life at different vertical levels of the sea.
- 18what are the 3 layers of the ocean?surface zone, thermocline, deep ocean
- 19what is the density of the surface zone like?(low lat) low at surface, (high lat) high at surface
- 20what is the density of the thermocline?(low lat) rapid increase of density w depth, (high lat) no real change
- 21what is the density of the deep ocean?constantly high
- 22what are plankton?plants/algea, animals like zooplankton, bacteria, and most of
Earth’s biomass - 23what are nekton?swimmers/ animals capable of moving independently from ocean currents (fish)
- 24what are benthos?bottom dwellers (like crabs and starfish)
- 25what are the marine life light zones?photic- upper part, sunlit
aphotic- deep ocean, no sun - 26what 2 factors exert primary control over oceanic productivity?chemosynthesis and photosynthesis
- 27what happens to energy as it moves from one organism to another up the food chain? how much is lost? why does this matter?2% of the chemical energy is passed from an animal through feeding at trophic levels (stages). 90-98% is lost. this is important because if there is a lack of solar energy, life could diminish from the lack of energy.
- 28what is a gyre?a large circular current caused by the Coriolis effect
(North Pacific, South Pacific, North atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean) - 29what is the Coriolis effect?wind and water are reflected to the right of the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of the Southern Hemisphere due to the rotation of the spherical earth.
- 30How do the surface currents relate to the wind patterns?They are driven by winds in the direction the wind is moving
- 31surface currents transport heat to and from tropics/poles-warm currents bring warm water away from the equator to the poles (strong, narrow, deep) and cold currents bring cold water from the poles to the equator (wide, shallow, weak)
- 32what is upwelling?the rising of cold water from deep layers that bring up nutrients to the ocean surface (usually to the left of continents and are cold)
- 33how are upwelling and primary productivity related?the deep water brings nutrients to the surface and increases productivity
- 34what are ocean waves?energy traveling along interface between ocean and atmosphere and derives energy/motion from the wind
- 35label the wave anatomyA- crest
B- trough
C- wave length
D- height/ amplitude
- 36what causes waves and controls height?oscillation of water particles by the drag of wind over the surface
speed
duration
fetch (area the wind blows over) - 37how does water move in a wave?it moves in a circle and passes the energy along that way, with the waveform moving forward at a depth about ½ a wavelength
- 38why do shallow water waves move more slowly than deep water waves?due to friction with the ocean floor
- 39what are ocean tides?changes in elevation of the oceans surface
- 40what causes tides?gravitational forces exerted on earth by the moon or (a little bit) by the sun
- 41what is a neap tide? when does it occur?occurs when the moon is at its first or 3rd quarter (in snowman form) and gravitational forces are offset, causing daily tidal range to be at its least
- 42what is a spring tide? when does it occur?occurs when the moon is in full or new position like o-O-o that brings gravitational forces together causing extreme highs and lows of the tide (making for a large daily tidal range)
- 43What is wave refraction and why does it tend to smooth the coastlinebending of a wave that arrives parallel to the shore. The energy of the wave is concentrated against the sides and end of headlands and erosion straightens an irregular shoreline
- 44what is a longshore current?beach drift: sediment moves in a zig-zag pattern along the beach face... Longshore Current: in surf zone, parallel to shore, moves more sediment than beach drift
- 45what are some erosional beach features?wave cut platforms, wave cut cliffs, sea arches and sea stacks
- 46what is this?wave cut platform
- 47what is this?wave cut cliff
- 48what is this?sea arch
(forms when erosion penetrates weak rock, forms caves, then archs)
- 49what is this?sea stack
(when erosion penetrates weak rock, forms caves, archs, then stacks)
- 50what is P-Town in Cape Cod?a spit: sand ridge extending from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay
- 51baymouth bara sand bar that completely crosses the bay
- 52tombolosand ridge connecting island to mainland
- 53barrier islandisland along passive margins that serve as a barrier for flooding
- 54what is beach nourishment?dredging up sand from the middle of the ocean and pouring it back on the beach
- 55weather vs climateweather is constantly changing and lasts for short periods of time
climate is the general composite of - 56major constituents of the atmosphere include other tings in the atmosphere:Nitrogen, O2
carbon, aerosols, water vapor - 57what is the order of the atmospheric layers?troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere - 58air pressure _______ with altitudedecreases
- 59how does temperature change with the levels of the atmosphere?decrease in the troposphere, increase in the stratosphere, decrease in the mesosphere, increase in the thermosphere
- 60what causes the seasons?earth rotates on an axis and revolves around the sun , seasons are caused by the changing angle of the sun
- 61what is albedo?reflection, light colors reflect light better dark colors absorb light better
- 62what is the greenhouse effect?solar radiation is balanced by energy being radiated back into space. greenhouse gases re-radiate the energy towards the earth, so more energy is coming towards earth than is being returned to space.
- 63—
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- Environmental Studies Flashcards on Untitled, created by Keighan Mcgoff on 19/11/2016.
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