Flashcards
AQA Geography Population
Cards in this deck (70)
- 1Exponential growtha pattern where the growth rate constantly increases - often shown as a J-curve graph
- 2S-curve graphs and J-curve graphsJ-curve graph is a graph that looks like a J due to exponential growth
S-curve graph is a graph that looks like a S due to Zero growth or even natural decrease following exponential growth - 3Zero Growtha population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate so there is no overall growth or decrease
- 4Natural decreasethe death rate is greater than the birth rate so the population decreases
- 5Natural increaseThe birth rte is greater than the death rate so the population increases
- 6Birth rateThe number of babies born per thousand people per year
- 7Death rateThe number of people that die per thousand people per year
- 8Life expectancyTh number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth
- 9Are death rates higher in MEDCs or LEDCs? Why?MEDCs
Because LEDCs have so many people under 15 that this reduces the amount of deaths per thousand people. MEDCs have a lot of older people - 10Demographic transition model (diagram)
- 11Characteristics of Stage one-High birth rate
-High death rate
-Death rate and Birth rate fluctuate due to disease, famine and war
-Population fairly stable - 12Why (stage 1)-little or no medicine
-Low life expectancy
-No birth control - 13Characteristics of Stage two-Death rate decreases
-Birth rate remains high
-Population grows - 14Why (stage 2)-Improvements in medicine and hygiene
-Life expectancy increases
-Children still needed to farm the land so birth rates remain high - 15Characteristics of Stage three-Birth rate drops rapidly
-Death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
-Population still grows but not as fast - 16Why (stage 3)-Birth control available
-Children go to school, don't earn but cost money
-People chose to have smaller families - 17Characteristics of Stage four-Low birth rate
-Low death rate
-Birth rate tends to fluctuate based on the economic situation - 18Why (stage 4)-When economy is good people think they can afford children
-During unemployment and low wages people postpone children
- - 19Characteristics of Stage five-Very low birth rate that drops below death rate
-Death rate increased slightly due to ageing population
-Total population starts to decrease - 20Why (stage 5)-Economic uncertainty dissuades people from having children
-Or women opt for careers rather than motherhood - 21Ecuadorian tribesSTAGE ONE
-Isolated from the rest of the world
-High birth rate and high death rate - 22AfghanistanSTAGE TWO
-Extremely poor with political instability
-High birth rate of 37.8
-Low death rate of 17.4
-Natural increase of 2.04% per year
-79% farmers so children help with farming
-Cities like Kabul have even higher natural increase as medicine is more readily available - 23BrazilSTAGE THREE
-NIC (newly industrialising country)
-Rapid economic development
-population rise from 108 million in 1975 to 210 million in 2015
-Roman Catholic country so high birth rate
-Improving standard of living means people starting to want fewer children - 24USASTAGE FOUR
-Largest and most developed country
-313 million people (third largest population)
-Growth high for stage 4, mainly due to immigration
-Most immigration from Catholic central america, but now encouraging skilled Asian workforce who have lower birth rates - 25GermanySTAGE FIVE
-Almost as well developed as USA
-Ageing population
-Women have high-powered positions at work
-Birth rate far below replacement rate - 26Agricultural change-Technology improves yield and saves on labour
-Frees workers for industry so rapid economical development
-Industry requires workers so people briefly larger families so population growth increases
-But then technology reduces need for labour and increases standard of living so population growth decreases - 27Urbanisation-People migrate to urban areas partially to seek better education for children
-So child labour of less value
-Children become expensive so smaller families - 28Education-Children become expensive
-Parents chose to have fewer children so they can invest more in each one, giving them better future chances
-Increased education tends to bring increased birth control - 29Emancipation and Status of women-As economies develop girls also have more opportunities
-Larger workforce required so women also work
-Prejudice against women decreasing
-Sweden has changed laws to increase proportion of women in management
-Achieving highly in a career needs commitment
-Women chose to have no children, or to have children later
-One in five women in the UK are childless, compared to 1 in 10 in the previous generation - 30Draw and label a population pyramid
- 31Three sections of a Population Pyramid-Young dependants
-Workforce
-Elderly dependants - 32Population Pyramid stage one-Very wide base due to high birth rate
-High infant and child mortality means that sides curve quickly
-High death rate means narrow and shortest pyramid - 33Population Pyramid stage two-Similar to stage one
-Death rate decreases so sides are straighter and less concave
-More elderly people shows that life expectancy is rising - 34Population Pyramid stage three-Straighter sides as more people live into old age due to improved health
-Birth rate decreases quickly so sides at the very bottom flatten out - 35Population Pyramid stage four-Straight sides due to high life expectancy and steady, low birth rates
-Looks like a house - 36Population Pyramid stage five-Increasing proportion of population are elderly
-Workforce much larger than young dependants due to falling birth rates - 37All 5 Population Pyramids diagrams
- 38China one child policy Reasons-1970s realised the country was heading for a severe famine
-1959-1961 large famine already due to industrialisation at the expense of farming, 35 million died
-Following baby boom meant population wasn't growing sustainably - 39Sustainable population-A population where the growth and development doesn't threaten success of future generations
-Stage 4 is the most sustainable
-Economy is stable or improving
-Standard of living maintained or improves - 40China one child policy policy rules-1979
-Mustn't marry until late twenties
-Only allowed one successful pregnancy
-Sterilised after first child or abort future pregnancies
-5 to 10% salary rise for having only one child
-Priority housing, pension and family benefits
-Free education for the single child - 41China one child policy Policy punishments-10% salary cut
-Large fine (would bankrupt most households)
-Had to pay for health care and schooling
-Second children born abroad weren't penalised but weren't allowed to become Chinese citizens - 42China one child policy Exemptions and enforcing-Minority groups were exempt
-Rural areas were sons were needed for farms allowed a second child if the first was a girl
-Pressure to abort second child extended to cutting coworkers salaries so they'd make life unbearable
-Granny police (older women) checked up on younger woman, sometimes even escorting them to contraception appointments - 43China one child policy Issues-Women forced to abort as late as ninth month of pregnancy
-Women placed under tremendous pressure from friends, granny police and their conscience
-Government had control over people's private lives
-Some girls put into orphanages or left to die (female infanticide)
-Chinese children called "little emperors" as they have a reputation for being spoiled
-Sex selective abortions mean that China now has 60 million more young men than women
-Less time taking care of children means that women focus on careers - 44China one child policy Benefits-Predicted famine never occurred
-Population growth slowed enough for people to have food and jobs
-Estimated 400 m less people born
-However, 2008 still 1 million more births than deaths every 5 weeks and half the population still lives on under $2 a day
-New industries have lifted millions out of poverty - 45Chine one child policy Changes-Changes were made in the 1990s and 2000s
-Young couples who are both only children are allowed two children
-As people become wealthier some are choosing to simply pay the fine
-Couples no longer need permission for first child
-Sex-selective abortions banned
-2008 after an earthquake that killed lots of children the policy was relaxed in the Sichuan Province - 46Indonesia Transmigration Population Problem-group of 17 500 islands
-Population of 240 million (4th largest)
-Population growth just over 1% a year
-Birth rate 18.1 and death rate 6.3
-1950s and 1960s population growing rapidly and Islands of Java, Bali and Madura in danger of over-population - 47Indonesian Transmigration What happened-Encouraged people to move from densely populated islands like Java to sparsely populated areas like Irian Jaya
-Gave people a chance to go from urban slums to being landowners
-1979-1984 moved 2.5 million people, 1 million to Irian Jaya alone
-Scaled down after 1980s
-2006 20 000 families moved
-2010 250 000 families wanted to move, but only 10 000 moved (cost $US 160.5 million)
-After eruption of Mount Merapi moved 2 000 displaced families
-Offered free transportation, 2 hectares of land and 6 months living costs
-Moved 20 million people overall - 48Indonesian Transmigration Economic issues-Some critics say that it only redistributes poverty rather than dealing with it
-New migrant lack necessary skills to use the land and some abandon it to become refugees
-Settlements often poorly planned, with few shops, sanitation and electricity
-Resettlement highly expensive, costing $US 7000 per family in 1980s - 49Indonesian Transmigration Environmental issues-Transmigration blamed for accelerating deforestation in previously sparsely populated areas
-Poor land use practises have led to soil erosion - 50Indonesian Transmigration Social issues-Clashes between migrants and local people killed hundreds in 2001 when local Dayaks and transmigrant Mandurese clashed
-Traditional land rights often ignored
-Religious clashes between Islamist migrants and Christian locals - 51Indonesian Transmigration Political issues-Some critics think it was encouraged by the government primarily to control indigenous people in the outer islands
- 52Indonesian Transmigration Benefits-Although population increased in Jakarta, situation would probably have been worse without transmigration
- 53Issues with an ageing population-Health care
-Social services
-Pension crisis - 54Health Care-Demand for health care increases as there are more illnesses in old age
-Elderly visit their GP more often
-Are in hospital more often and for longer than younger people
-Government needs to pay for this - 55Social ServicesElderly people need other social services such as:
-Nursing homes
-Day-care centres
-People to help them care for themselves in their homes
This puts financial pressure on a country - 56Pension crisis-In wealthy countries people expect to retire from work and have a pension for the rest of their lives
-As there are more elderly people and a smaller work force paying taxes, the government have a money issue
-State pensions in the UK started in 1908 when people retired aged 65 and average male life expectancy was 67
-Now life expectancy is 80 - 57Opportunities of an ageing population-Young retired people contribute to the economy through travel and recreation
-Many do volunteer work - 58Frances pro-natal policy Why was it needed?-France had a birth rate of 12.3 in 2011
-Natural increase was low
-2008 1.6 babies born per woman in the EU, but 2.1 is needed for a sustainable population - 59France pro-natal policy The policy-3 years paid parental leave that fathers or mothers can take
-Benefits for large families e.g. the Carte Famille Nombreuse which gives discounts for families with 3 or more children (such as reducing train fares by up to 75%)
-Subsidised pay for nursery for children under the age of 3.
-Fully paid full-time schooling for children over age 3.
-The more children a woman has, the earlier she can retire. - 60Dependency ratioA comparison of the number of dependants in the population (1-15 and 65+) and the workforce
- 61Reasons for international migrationA variety of push and pull factors, negative aspects of their home country push them away and positive aspects of the host country pull people there
- 62Economic impact of international migration-Migrant workers often send money home to their families in their home country
- 63Housing impact of international migration-Demand for housing is greater than supply so houses expensive
-Migrants sometimes helped to find houses by social services and British people resent it - 64Labour and skills impact of international migration-Migration brings labour and skills causing European economies to grow
-Most migrants can earn more than they could in their home countries
-However, exploitation does happen - 65Social impact of international migration-Schools taking many immigrant children can be under pressure
-British parents sometimes feel this hinders their children's development as teachers have to focus on those who don't speak English well
-Cultural mix can be positive, if racism doesn't develop - 66Migration from outside the EU-2 million migrants from outside it's borders a year
-Higher population to migrant ratio than the USA
-9.4% of EU's people are foreign born - 67Polish workers in the UK-Since 2004 1.5 million Eastern European migrants in the UK, 2/3 are polish
-There are 545,000 Polish passport holders in the UK, compared to the 57,000 in 2003, before Poland joined the EU
-Poland has a GDP of just over $500 billion compared with $2.5 trillion in the UK
-Low GDP means less income for families and a general low quality of live
-Unemployment was over 20%, meaning job opportunities were low
-Very few high skilled jobs for the many Polish graduates. - 68Labour migration-Cheap travel and more information attract skilled and non-skilled labour
-Europe needs immigrants due to there very low birth rates
-Spain's immigrant population increased by 400% in the past 10 years
-20% of immigrants are graduates and take skilled jobs
-Most people still view immigration as a problem rather than an opportunity - 69International migration: Senegal to Italy-Senegalese economy not doing well, sank by 28.1% from 1990 to 1999
-Opportunities are limited in Senegal, many subsistence farmers and high rates of urban unemployment (15% young people
-Half of population under 18 without many opportunities
-See Italian football so choose to go to Italy for work
-Work in tourism and industry in northern Italy
-2014 94 000 Senegalese in Italy
-Money sent home for children's education and improving standard of living
-E.g. Beud Forage money has been used to set up water and electricity supplies - 70Refugee Migration-Asylum seekers' lives are in danger if they remain in they're home country
-1/3 EU immigrants claim to be asylum seekers
-Some economic migrants claim to be asylum seekers thinking it'll improve their chances
-Leads to resentment against asylum seekers
-1990s Bosnian war Germany alone took 400 000 refugees, many of which returned later
-Syrian civil war of 2011 means a lot of Syrian refugees
-EU has taken 406 000 Syrian refugees
-Germany took 295 000 of these
-Sweden took the next greatest amount of 44 905 refugees
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- All you need to know for AQA A Geography Population unit. Good luck =)
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