Mortality

Mortality

1. Measures

   • IMR
     • No of deaths of young children under age of 1 as per 1000 live births/year
     • Correlation btwn level of SE devt & LE
       • NA, Europe, Japan-> 4.4/1000 Africa, LA -> 58.5/1000 (13X than MEDC)
     • Usefulness as an SE indicator
       • -IMR of singapore has fallen from all time high of 82.2/1000 (1950) to 3/1000 due to tremendous improvement in health conditions - An imp indicator as it will indirectly determine rates of natural pop increase -As some DCs have improv (Green Rev), death risks among infants have declined - If there are more infants that survive till their teenage years, implication is that more provision ifor the young people who are economically inactive-> financial contraint on govt (debt of more school and recreational activities) -Nigeria: Mass education for the young to increase literacy rate but due to limited budget it was a failure and local authorities never met its vision of providing quality education to the young pop. 
       • -Indicates access to quality healthcare -Level of education -Access to HR and security -Reflects level of health -Access to good F&N 
   • ASSDR
     • Used to denote occurence of death among diff age groups & gender/1000 in a pop
     • 5 year gap
     • (No of deaths in spec age or gender/ pop of age or gender)*1000
     • Sim btwn MEDC and LEDC
       • Female adults tend to live longer than males As age increases, MR increases
     • Difference
       • LEDC has higher IMR than MEDC Higher incidence of deaths among males USA than Coasta Rica in 45-50 age group
   • CDR
     • High in MEDC and low in LEDC and MEDC has higher proportion of elderly
     • No of deaths that occurred in that region/1000/year
     • Crude
       • Does not show sig between child and elder
     • Life Expectancy
       • -Av life span of an individual in a country -MEDC have higher LE that LEDC-> higher SOL -NA, N Europe (70yrs) -Africa (50yrs) -Does not take into account age-sex structure and gender composition
     • Example
       • Coasta Rica Jamaica-> low CDR (5-7/1000) NA,N Europe-> high CDR (9-12/1000)

2. Decline in LDCs

   • 2nd marked decline -Occurred later than DCs but also faster in terms of rate
   • Economic Development
     • -Takes place in many developing countries after their inception as an independent soverign nation brought about many social and economic changes to the LDCs. -With local govts attempt to inject the economy, foreign investment flowed to various economic parts of the country.  -Malaysia, India and Zimbabwe for instance saw a large volume of investment into the industries  -Also large captal derived from the country's processing industries  (rubber, tin ore) formed capital to enhance industrial growth -With added wealth gained from such economies, the SOL increases. -There is an inverse relationship with wealth and pop increase as as BR & DR. -As the GDP/Capita increases, DR declines -Countries in the 3rd world have attained wealth from many EA saw a decline in DR.
   • Humanitarian Org
     • -For many of the 'poor' countries in Africa, the epidemics that struck in 1950s or the death tolls among infants could not have been improved if not for the assistance by UNICEF  or WHO. -The UN is much concerned about the general health in 3rd world nations. -Many Hum org (red cross) have come forward with financial and medical assistance as well as education to increase SOL as well as health and decline in IMR
   • Govt Campaign in developing countries
     • -Against deadly diseases leads to an eradication of theses diseases in many parts of Africa and asia -At present in Nigeria, remote villages get the benefit of med care thru the help of UN, UNICEf and WHO - Erad and prevention of water borne diseases through the effort of cleaning up the environment by the local authority has had sig impact on DR - Mass Immunization Programme led to a decline im IMR

3. Decline in DCS

   • General decline in trend -1st decline in 18th centuries
   • Medical Research
     • Especially in eradication & prevention of deadly diseases which had hit its highest level in 20th C -Vaccines 1. Measles: 1850-1870 lead to a rise in MR. Rapidly declined after 1910 due to the introduction of immunization programme in 1950 and by 1970 was eradicated 2. Tubercluosis: early part of 19th C. killed manual labourers and bule collared workers and was eradicated n 1948 by chemo and BCG vaccine.
   • Better Housing
     • -Devised in NW Europe-> better insulated cold air from entering the house.  -Modern houseswith water heater and heater to make the overall temp warmer - Kept the death of elderly due to Pneumonia low
   • Improved Sanitation
     • -Led to a clean environment due to the provision of channel effluent to main sewer and water treatment plants Cleaned up polluted water in london Kept diseases at bay
   • Safe water System
     • -Placed in many cities and rural areas especially in the 20thC - Effective distribution of water to local residents and usually important for the growth of any community  -Whether the distribution channels are to extend from an existing infrastructure or the infrastructure itself needs to be repained are approaches that local authorities undertake to improve QOL. -With the availability of safe water, water can be directly consumed, deaths due to water borne diseases are reduced.
   • Agricultural Revolution