C) Movement Responses - Migration

C) Movement Responses - Migration

1. MIGRATION (categories) (NOTE)

   • forced or voluntary
   • long or short distance
   • international or internal
   • Migrant workers (voluntary) (trends)
     • globalization
     • acceleration
     • selective migration
     • feminization e.g. nurses from Philippines to UK
   • Refugees (forced) (push factors)
     • intolerance between parts of society
     • env deterioration (overpop)
     • state persecution
     • natural disasters
     • wars
     • e.g. 15-30m refugees, depending on def. | 3 million in Africa, also half of IDPs
       • CS CRISIS IN DARFUR

2. Positive

   • Individuals/Social
     • Emigrant countries
       • ^ employment and earning opps
       • training/education
       • exposure to new culture
       • Remittances
       • __ birth rate and __ population pressure
       • new leisure sport and tourism opps?
     • Immigrant countries
       • cultural exposure/multicultural society
         • growth of ethic retailing and shops
       • awareness and acceptance
   • Countries/economic
     • emigrant countries
       • REMITTANCES (NOTE)
       • returning migrants = human capital
       • increased output per head (flow of under/unemployed workers)
       • reduced pressure on public capital stock and resources such as land
         • Public capital is the aggregate body of government-owned assets that are used as the means for private productivity.[1] Such assets span a wide range including: large components such as highways, airports, roads, transit systems, and railways; local, municipal components such as public education, public hospitals, police and fire protection, prisons, and courts; and critical components including water and sewer systems, public electric and gas utilities, andtelecommunications.[2] Often, public capital is defined as government outlay, in terms of money, and as physical stock, in terms of infrastructure.
       • reduced un/underemployment
     • immigrant countries
       • permits growth with lower inflation
       • Increased labour force mobility and lower unit labour costs
         • Unit labour costs (ULC) measure the average cost of labour per unit of output and are calculated as the ratio of total labour costs to real output.
         • Some require foreign workers e.g UAE w/ 85% of population, or UK, USA (typically around 10-15%)
       • rise in output per head for indigenous workers
       • immigrants often fill undesirable posts
       • some retirement costs transferred to source country
       • CS IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON US ECONOMY

3. Negative

   • Country/economic
     • emigrant country
       • Brain Drain
         • poor countries losing from their already shallow pool of skilled workers
           • e.g. 1m out of 6.6m of skilled pool emigrate|e.g. Bangladesh 65%of newly graduated doctors
           • out-migration --> vicious cycle of decline
             • __investment
         • loosing the ability to pull themselves out of poverty
         • e.g. China: despite economic and governmental incentive; better living standards, career opps, family size | >1978-2007 1m out but only 275 000 in
       • loss of social investment in education
         • loss of young workers
       • remittances --> inflation
     • immigrant country
       • dependence of foreign labour in particular occupations
       • increased demand of public capital stocks
       • social tensions
       • ^need for public services (e.g. schools)
       • displaced local labour
       • pension outflow (loss of grey economy)
       • increased pressure on resources
   • individual/social
     • emigrant country
       • transport costs
       • adjustment to costs abroad
       • separation from relatives and friends
       • culture of out-migration
       • single and female main provider (issue if they lack rights and status)
       • returning on retirement --> burden on services
     • immigrant country
       • greater labour market competition in certain sectors
       • social tensions
       • male-dominated states e.g. oil-rich countries
       • loss of cultural identity (especially second gen)
       • creation of ghettos/ghettoized schools