Mind map

ESL Methods & Approaches

lhara English

Map content

Approaches
- Grammatical Approach
  - Knowing about a language rather than how to use language for communication
    - Does not provide comprehensible input
      - CLD learners who receive grammar-based instruction do worse on standardized tests than students who receive other methods of instruction
- Communicative Approach
  - Methods
    - ICB (Intergrated Content-Based)
      - Content-based second language instruction using academic thematic units
        Theme
        Relevant Topics
        Language and Content Objectives
        Appropriate Instructional Materials
        Classroom Environment
        Preteaching key content vocabulary
        Building Background
        Collaborative Learning
        Authentic Activities
        Cognitive Engagement
        Visual Support and Graphic Organizers
        Learning Centers
        Formative and Summative assessment
        ICB strategies and techniques are crucial to the academic success of CLD learners
    - Sheltered Instruction
      - Combines philosophies, strategies, and techniques that appropriately recognize the many challenges CLD students face
        Provides instruction that is comprehensible, relevant, and motivating
        Emphasizes language and content objectives
        SI methods, strategies, and techniques are essential to the academic success of CLD learners
      - Hands-on Activities
        Cooperative Learning
        Guarded Vocabulary
        Visuals
        Scaffolding
  - Based on constructivist theories: meaning is drawn from experience and social interaction
    - Providing a language-rich environment for language acquisition
      - CLD learners need meaningful social and communicative interaction in the target language
- Cognitive Approach
  - Methods
    - CALLA
      - Focuses on explicitly teaching CLD students to understand and tactifully apply metacognitive, cognitive, and social/affective strategies.
        Academic Content
        Academic Language
        Learning Strategies
      - Five phases: preparation, presentation, practice, evaluation, and expansion
        THe most successful CLD learners use multiple strategies flexibly and complex strategies appropriately
        See attached resource: The CALLA Method Mind Map
        The CALLA Method
  - Focuses on the learners' background knowledge and socialization experiences to facilitate connections
    - Utilizes cognitive, metacognitive, and social/affective learning strategies
      - Emphasizes a variety of educational interests relevant to the CLD learner