Hypertension

Hypertension

1. Vasoconstriction of the lumen of the artery

   • Caused by the release of the hormones norepinephrine, epinephrine and adrenaline by the Sympathetic NS
   • Resulting to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow in the kidneys
     • In response, the kidney produces RENIN
       • Hormone angiotensinogen
         • Angiotensinogen will be converted to Angiotensin I
           • Enzime ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
             • Agiotensin II (most potent vasoconstrictor)
               • Increase peripheral vasoconstriction
       • Hormone Aldosterone
         • Increase of aldosterone
           • Primary Hyperaldosteronism
         • Lack of aldosterone
           • Addison´s Disease
           • Aldosterone Synthase Dificiency
         • Increases Na ion and water reabsortion
           • Causes an increase in blood volumen resulting an increase in CO2
             • Increased CO2
               • Increased Blood pressure
                 • Increased in the end diastolic blood volumen
                   • Resulting to streching of myocardial muscle fibers
                     • Ventricular Hypertrophy
                       • Increased in Cardiac Output
                         • Narrowed arteries
                           • More damage to blood vessels causes the reduction of blood flow to organs
                             • DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
                               • Not able to perfom at a normal level and can lead to a variety of digestión problems
                                 • Slow digestión
                                   • Nutritional defieciencies, rapid fluctuation of blood glucose levels and susceptibility to bacterial infections
                                     • DEATH
                             • NERVOUS SYSTEM
                               • Insufficient oxygenated blood on goign to the brain and can cause clotting
                                 • Retinophaty
                                 • Transient ischemic attack/ mini stroke
                                   • When blood supply is cut-off
                                     • Full-blown stroke
                                       • DEATH
                                 • Mild cognitive impairment
                             • RENAL SYSTEM
                               • A decreased in blood flow in the kidneys
                                 • Can cause arteries around te kidneys to narrow, weaken or harden
                                   • Not able to deliver enough blood to the kidney
                                 • Increase forcé of blood flow
                                   • Can damage blood vessels in the kidney
                                     • Nephrons don´t receive the O2 and nutrients
                                       • KIDNEY FAILURE
                                         • Raises the risk of cardiovascular problems, and subsequently, the risk of heart attacks and strokes
                                           • DEATH
   • Blood pressure
     • Optimal: <120 and <80
     • Elevated: 120-129 and <80
     • Hipertension stage 1: 130-139 or 80-89
     • Hipertension type 2: >= 140 or >=90