Development of Social Complexity- week5

Development of Social Complexity- week5

1. I. Definitions

   • Elman Rogers SERVICE
     • Band
       • egalitarian
       • <100 pl
       • Nomadic
     • Tribes
       • settled farmers/ pastoralists
       • sedentary/mobile
       • <4000 ppl
       • kin-based
     • Chiefdoms
       • leaders + unusual skill + status differentation
       • kinbased, more hierarchical + lineage prestige
       • 5000-20,000 ppl
       • permanent ritual center
     • States
       • >50,000 ppl
       • Centralized institution + gov + Class stratification
       • Bureaucracy + urban centre
       • monumental architecture (reli +secular)
   • Morton Herbert FRIED
     • Egalitarian Soc
       • Skill (hunting)
       • age, gender
     • Ranked Soc
       • birth order
     • Stratified Soc
       • ppl with prestige -> access to resources
       • Characteristics
         • more exploitation
         • demands in labour (slavery)
         • Divisions in labour
     • States
       • power decided on SUPRA-kin basis
       • Maintain hierarchy by
         • pop control (borders)
         • legal systems
           • military, police, conscription
           • taxation
   • Complex Society
     • inherited -> ranked lineage groups
     • taxation
     • symbols
     • Sacred places
       • Chiefdom
         • large towns
         • sacred places
       • States
         • full time specialist
         • Bureaucracy
           • Codify laws
           • Tax
           • redistribute markets
           • empire
           • communication
           • army

2. Theories of this Rise

   • Irrigation Hypothesis- hydraulic theory
     • Karl Wittfogel, 1950s
     • Evidence
       • Near East
       • S. Asia
       • China
     • Oriental Despotism (joseph stalin)
       • need for irrigation
         • social stratification
         • inequity
     • BUT
       • irrigation after complexity!
   • Warfare
     • Robert Carneiro
     • segmental soc: chiefdom -> state
     • conflict by Env
     • Fortifications
       • earlier, ceremonial centres were not fortified
     • BUT
       • centralisation -> military conflict
   • Power
     • Economic
       • food prod, storage, distribution
       • ppl depend on leader
       • class of elite
         • landowners
           • control trade
         • officials
         • commoners
     • Social
       • symbol
     • ideological
     • Political
       • Monumental architecture
       • military adminis
   • Religion
     • Gobekli Tepe, S.E Anatolia (Turkey)
       • Early Neo (PPNA)
         • before
           • pottery
           • metallurgy
           • writing
           • wheel
       • no domestication
         • Hunter-Gatherer

3. Evidence

   • Megalithic Europe (Neo)
     • Early Neo (4000-3000BC)
       • long barrows, egalitarianism, segmental soc
         • farmers: Atlantic Europe
         • West Kennet barrows
           • territorial markers
           • communal burials
           • big stone pillars
         • Carnac, France
           • 3500 BC
           • 345 tons
           • astronomy
           • megaliths
     • Late Neo (after 3000BC)
       • larger henges, mobile large pop, ritual centres, chiefdoms
         • Beaker (Central + W. Europe)
         • Stonehenge
           • 240km from Wales
           • built by farmers
         • Silbury Hill
           • 40m tall mound
         • Avebury
         • Newgrange, Ireand
           • winter solstice alignment
             • sunlight -> chamber on shortest day of year (19-23 Dec)
           • ritual sacri
   • E.N.America
     • Louisana: Poverty point
       • earliest monumental earthwork N.A
       • 1000km trade: river confluence(merge)
       • Archaic, 1600BC
     • Mississippian
       • 700-1500 AD
       • MOUNDS: temple
       • complex chiefdoms, settlement organiz
       • maize and beans
       • eastern US river valleys
       • CAHOKIA
         • 850-1500 AD
         • 120 mounds
     • Monk's Mound
       • LARGEST prehistoric structure
       • 900-1200 AD
     • Southern Cult (weeping eye)
     • Mound 72 (burial) 1000 AD
   • Pueblo Bonito
     • The Great House
       • multistory complex
       • 800-1000AD
       • Largest, 1000s ppl
   • Easter Island (Chile, S.Amer)
     • Chiefdom/ Moai statues
       • living faces (aringa ora)
       • ancestors (aringa ora ata tepuna)
       • tallest: Paro
   • Zimbabwe (S.E Afri)
     • The Great Enclosrue
       • stone encloures
       • 1300-1400 AD
       • Agri: produtive + herds
       • bird symbol
   • Ozette (Washington)
     • mud-layer
       • long house
       • weapons
   • Northwest Coast
     • Potlatch dances
     • pachitle= to give
       • wealth: fight w property
     • totem poles

Images and files in the map