PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

1. FORMS

   • AFFIRMATIVE
     • I have visited Australia. He has played tennis.
   • NEGATIVE
     • He hasn't visited Australia. You haven't played tennis.
   • INTERROGATIVE
     • Have you visited Australia? Has he played tennis?

2. TIME EXPRESSIONS

   • IN
     • PRESENT PERFECT
       • FOR
         • Tells us the duration of an action. It is followed by a period of time. For three monts, for one year, for for two days.... EXAMPLE: I've been at this club for 2 years. He has lived in England for a long time.
       • SINCE
         • Tells us the ponit when the action starts. It is followed by a point in time: since 1999, since last month..... EXAMPLE: My mother has lived in Parets since 1972. I have been in this house since last month.
       • STILL
         • Has a similar meaning to YET but it is used in negative sentences before the auxiliary haven't/hasn't.
           • (still+haven't/hasn't+p.pple) Tells us that an action hasn't happened and emphasises that the situation hasn't changed for some time) EXAMPLE: I've been waiting for over an hour and the bus still hasn’t come. Are you still working in the bookshop?
       • ALREADY
         • You use this in affirmative sentences.
           • (have/has+already+p.pple) Tells us that an action has happened. EXAMPLE: He has already read the book. Have you already written to John?
       • JUST
         • You use this in affirmative sentences.
           • (have/has+just+p.pple) Tells us that an action has been completed very recently. EXAMPLE: She has just climbed a tree. I've just finished the homework.
       • YET
         • You use this in negative or interrogative sentences at the end of the sentence.
           • Tells us that an action hasn't happened or asks if the action has happened. EXAMPLE: I haven't finished my worksheet yet. Have you met Judy yet?

3. IS USED

   • For life experiences from the past until now with a non-specific time expression: I have travelled around the world.
   • For actions that started in the past and still continue in the present: She has lived here for two years now.
   • For past actions that have a consequence in the present: They have missed the bus. (so now they are late to the wedding)