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1. Describing Waves

   • Wavelength - the distance between a point of a wave to the same point on the next wave.
   • Peak or crest - the top of a wave.
   • Trough - the bottom of a wave.
   • Amplitude - the distance from the middle to the crest or trough of the wave.
   • Frequency: the number of waves that travel past a single point every second. Measured in Hertz (Hz).
   • Oscillations - An oscillation allows you to display different information about a wave.
   • Amplitude - the amplitude of a wave is the distance from its peak to the middle of the wave

2. Waves

   • Longitudinal Waves
     • In a longitudinal wave particle come closer together then push apart
     • when the particles are closer together, it is called compression
       • when the particles are far apart, this is called refraction
   • Transverse Waves
     • Transverse waves occur when the oscillations are perpendicular or at right angles (90°) to the direction of travel.
       • Examples of transverse waves include water waves and electromagnetic waves.
   • Electromagnetic Waves
     • Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.
     • They range in wavelength size. The largest to smallest wavelength waves are Radio waves. Microwaves. Infra-red. Visible Light. Ultra-Violet. X-Rays. Gamma Ray.
   • Area
     • An area with low pressure is called rarefaction
     • An area with high pressure is called compression
   • Sound waves
     • Sound is caused be vibrations in the air.
       • Air particles collide with other particles which then cause them to vibrate
     • Sound is a longitudinal wave.
     • The device which shows a sound wave on a screen is called an oscilloscope
     • Mediums in Sound
       • Mediums means solids liquids or gases that sound can travel through.
         • Through...
           • Gases - very slow
           • Liquids - higher than gases
           • Solids - higher than liquids and gases
       • Solids - Sound can travel up to 5,000 m/s
         • Liquids - Sound can travel up to 1,500 m/s
           • Gases - Sound will travel 340 m/s in air

3. Equations

   • Wave speed - frequency x wavelength Wave speed is measured in m/s , Frequency is measured in hertz (HZ) , Wavelength is measured in metres (m) .
   • Measuring the speed of sound Distance (m) = speed (340 m/s) x time (s)

4. Primary and Secondary waves

   • primary waves are longitudinal. They can travel through liquids and solids
   • Secondary waves are transverse. They can only travel through solids