SYNTAX

SYNTAX

1. Study of grammatical structures in phrases and sentences.

   • Constituent structure
     • Refers to a subpart of a higher hierarchical unit.
       • represented by
         • Labeled tree diagrams.
           • formed by
             • Phrasal constituents
               • Noun phrases
                 • contains a
                   • Head noun or a pronoun
                     • that
                       • Determines the syntactic constituents
                         • which can be
                           • Demonstratives, adjectives, articles, adpositional phrases and relative clauses
                             • and are determined by
                               • Arguments for noun phrases
                                 • which are
                                   • Argument 1
                                     • its
                                       • If noun phrases move, they do it as a cohesive unit.
                                   • Argument 2
                                     • its
                                       • A pronoun can replace an entire noun phrase.
                                   • Argument 3
                                     • its
                                       • The order of elements in noun phrases have structure.
                                   • Argument 4
                                     • its
                                       • Elements in the noun phrases consider gender for cohesiveness.
               • Prepositional phrases
                 • make
                   • Prepositions/postpositions
                     • Heads of constituents + noun phrases
                       • and are determined by
                         • Arguments for prepositional phrases
                           • which are
                             • Obligatoriness
                             • Ordering
                             • Contiguity
               • Verb phrases
                 • have
                   • Verbs as the head of the phrase
                     • the most important
                       • Element of verb phrases
                         • is the
                           • Predicate
                             • Structural center of the clause.
                               • has the
                                 • Copula
                                   • are
                                     • Relations noun phrase + noun phrase
                                       • Noun phrase + adjective
                               • and are determined by
                                 • Arguments for verbal phrases.
                                   • which are
                                     • Argument 1
                                       • in which
                                         • The order of elements in them are already established.
                                     • Argument 2
                                       • in which
                                         • Verb phrases can be replaced by "do",
   • Clauses
     • are
       • Units consisting
         • of
           • A verb, noun phrases + optional adverbial elements.
             • and its
               • Elements are grammatically unified.
                 • and they form
                   • Grammatical relationships
                     • Arguments
                       • are
                         • Noun phrases of grammatical status related to a verb.
                           • divided in
                             • Core arguments
                               • which have a
                                 • Grammatical relationship with the verb.
                                   • Grammatical relations
                                     • Subject
                                     • Objects
                                       • divided in
                                         • Direct objects
                                           • they
                                             • Follow the verb directly.
                                         • Indirect objects
                                           • they
                                             • Follow prepositions "to" or "for"
                                               • Double-object constructions.
                             • Oblique arguments
                               • which
                                 • Don't have a grammatical relationship with the verb.
                     • Transitivity
                       • consisting of
                         • Taking one or multiple core arguments of a verb.
                           • divided in
                             • Intransitive
                               • which are
                                 • Verbs that take +1 core arguments.
                             • Transitive
                               • which
                                 • Takes 2 core arguments.
                             • Ditransitive
                               • which
                                 • Takes 3 core arguments.
   • Constructions
     • come into
       • 6 functions
         • which are
           • Active
           • Passive
           • Affirmative
           • Negative
           • Declarative
           • Interrogative
   • Sentence
     • it is
       • Syntactic unit consisting of
         • One clause
           • Optional adverbials
           • there also are
             • Complex sentences
               • that have
                 • More than one clause.
                   • divided into
                     • Coordination
                       • in which
                         • 2 or + clauses are structured at the same level
                     • Subordination
                       • in which a
                         • Main (matrix) clause has a subordinate/dependent clause.
                           • divided into
                             • Adverbial clauses
                               • are
                                 • Linked to a matrix clause using
                                   • an
                                     • Adverbial conjunction
                                     • Affix specifying its semantic relationship.
                             • Relative clauses
                               • are
                                 • Enclosed within noun phrases
                                   • and
                                     • Work as dependent noun modifiers.
                             • Complement clauses
                               • are
                                 • Dependent clauses that work as noun phrase arguments.