Statistics

Statistics

1. ¿How is statistics considered?

   • According to Martínez Bencardino, C. (2018) he mentions that Statistics is considered by many to be something new, given that today everything is based on the management of large amounts of information or statistical data, but its application or Use dates back to antiquity, as there are vestiges of its beginning, such as in China, where Emperor Yao (2239 BC) ordered a Census to be carried out; something similar happened in the time of King Herod, related to a registration when the birth of Jesus was discussed.

2. APPLICATION OF STATISTICS

   • According to Martínez Bencardino, C. (2018). He mentions that in daily life, various economic, social, political, educational and even biological phenomena appear, transform and finally disappear. For such abundant and complex informative material collected, it is necessary to have an orderly and continuous record, in order to determine or select the data required by the study or investigation, regarding what happened, happens or can happen. For this, it is necessary to have a method or set of rules or principles that allows us to observe, order, quantify and analyze these phenomena. This method is called Statistics.
     • ¿What is the primary function of statistics?
       • At first it was considered that the primary function of Statistics was the description of the characteristics of a group, an activity that made it confuse with the role played by history, consisting of observing and describing the fact. Originally, the statistics were historical; Nowadays, statistics, in addition to being descriptive, is analytical, considering this as the most important function that it performs, since it also allows conclusions to be drawn for a larger group, called the population, based on research carried out in a smaller group, known as a sample, whose elements or units, in most cases, are randomly or randomly selected.

3. Mention the purpose of descriptive or deductive statistics

   • Its purpose is to highlight characteristic aspects of the group (averages, data variability, etc.) that serve to make comparisons, without trying to draw more general conclusions. This description is generally done through the preparation of charts, graphs, calculation of averages, proportions, variances of one or more related variables.

4. ¿What does analytical or inductive statistics look for?

   • Seeks to explain the behavior of a set of observations, prove the significance or validity of the results, in addition, tries to discover the causes that originate it, being of great application in sampling, thus achieving conclusions that extend beyond of the statistical samples themselves. One of the main objectives of statistics is to make inferences about the statistical values of the population, called parameters, through the information obtained through a sample, which allows us to calculate estimators.

5. ¿How are statistics classified?

   • 1. Statistics or secondary sources. In these, the data is obtained from publications, which may be reproduced in whole or in part. They are considered of great value for any type of investigation. They are considered as secondary sources: libraries, documentation centers, brochures, magazines. files etc
     • 2. Statistics or time series. Generally referred to as time or chronological series. The information is obtained and ordered chronologically, as it occurs over time, be it days, months, semesters, or years. When the investigations are carried out in isolation, not periodically, they are called: timeless or isolated investigations.
       • 3. Statistics can also be classified as internal or external. The first ones originate and are elaborated in the same source of information, for example in a company, they are internal records, such as: daily, weekly production and sales, etc. wages, hours worked, etc. The external ones are records of information originating outside the company: consumer opinion, competitive prices, etc.
         • 4. Classes of statistics. They are classified according to the subject, sector or subject of study, for example: industrial, agricultural, transport, communications, health, education statistics, etc.
           • 5. Statistician. We refer to the person who works in the preparation and analysis of statistical information. In our environment we use the term statistician to refer to that person, when in reality its meaning is that of a statistical measure.

6. PURPOSE OF THE STATISTICS

   • According to Martínez Bencardino, C. (2018) mentions that knowing reality in an observation or phenomenon. By quantifying it, we are knowing its current situation, it is like having information by the hour, weekly, etc. on the production of an article, it will be known if the schedule is being met or, on the contrary, if we are below or above what is established, since this will affect in some way the stock of the product or raw material, sales , prices, costs, etc.
     • FUNCTION OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STATISTICS
       • 1. Determine what is typical or normal of that observation. When the characteristic of a phenomenon is quantified, a value called average is obtained, this is the way of referring to the group, thus quantifying its behavior. If we say that the average number of units sold of an article A, in 20 stores, in the month of March was 1,200 units, it is a way of determining the behavior of the group; but with this typical or normal value of the set it is not meant that the 20 stores sold the same quantity; possibly some more, some less, but the average was 1,200.
         • 2. Relate two or more phenomena. From the point of view of correlation, it is possible to determine if there is a valid relationship between two or more characteristics of the same observation, or between two or more phenomena. Such is the case of the relation of income and expenses for a group of families or the relation between the units produced, sold and the price.
           • 3. Determine the causes that originate the phenomenon. Changes observed in a phenomenon may have one or several root causes. The increase in exports of an article can be caused by an improvement in the price in the external market, by a production volume greater than internal demand, or by other causes that produce changes in the behavior of the phenomenon.
             • 4. Make estimates on the future behavior of the phenomenon. Projecting is required on many occasions to estimate the future behavior of a phenomenon. The projection to two or three years of the population of a region, serves to determine the potential market of the product, that is to say, the knowledge, even if it is estimated, of the demand in the coming years.
               • 5. Obtain conclusions from a smaller group (sample), to extend them to a larger group (population). When making measurements on a sample, whose size must be the desired optimum, the results obtained can be considered as the behavior that would be obtained if all the elements that constitute the population, from which the sample was drawn, had been worked with.

7. Information sources

   • direct and indirect
     • Direct and indirect investigations. We directly collect data on an event of any kind, when we go to it, we observe it and note its presence or absence and its intensity by means of a number. We propose to know the exchange of checks between banks, we accumulate the checks, we count them in their number, we add their value and we write it down. We have directly observed and recorded the very fact whose knowledge we desired.

8. What are the investigation procedures?

   • They usually come down to these points:
     • 1. Clarity and publicity. All the research, in all its details, must be clear and known by all those who are going to intervene: observers and observed.
       • 2. Simplicity. Simplicity in everything. In the forms, in the instructions, in the project, in the purpose, in the exhibition tables, in the literary analysis comments, in the calculation operations, in the graphics. Simplicity is the essential driver of clarity; it will be difficult for the former without the latter.
         • 3. Utility. All statistics that start must have some practical application of interest. Otherwise we will find ourselves before an annoying accumulation of data that will harm, for many reasons, the information that is really usable, business and the economic policy of a country.

9. ¿What are the main disadvantages of public entities?

   • 1. They instill suspicion and suspicion about the purpose that governments pursue with statistics: fiscal fear, police fear, etc.
     • 2. Frequently the cost of investigations is higher than in private entities.

10. ¿What are the main advantages of private entities?

    • 1. They are more suitable for occasional surveys of a scientific nature, social, medical, hygienic problems, etc.
      • 2. They offer the public more confidence than governments: the data is given with greater sincerity.

11. Taken from:

    • Martinez Bencardino, C. (2018). Statistics and Sampling (13th ed.). Bogota, Ecoe Editions. Retrieved from https://elibro-net.bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/es/ereader/unad/131880?page=23.