Mind map

Week 2

06watkinse BMSC1110 Undergraduate Degree English

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Week 2

Connective Tissues
- Pluripotent
- Involved in
  - Packaging and dividing
  - Providing support
  - Energy storage
  - Space filling
- Contains
  - Lipoblasts
  - Myofibroblasts
  - Mast cells
  - Macrophages
  - Plasma cells
- Extra cellular matrix
  - structural carbohydrates
  - structural proteins
  - ground subsance
- Glycoaminoglycans
  - unbranched polysaccharides
  - 4 different groups
  - hydrophobic
  - Aggrecan
    - chondroitin suphate and keratan sulphate
    - found in cartilage
    - regulates cellular signals/migration
  - Syndecan
    - Heparan sulphate
    - found on the plasma membrane
    - facilitates cellular interactions
  - Fibronectin
    - dimer
    - joined by disulphide bonds
    - adhers cells to components in the ECM
- CT Fibres
  - Elastin
    - 750 amino acid sequence
    - elastic, allows stretch
    - secreted as elastin molecules and assembled in the ECM
    - form cross links between fibres
  - Collagen
    - fibrous proteins
    - long, stiff, unbranched, triple helix
    - secreted as single chains that wind together in the ECM
- Connective Tissue Types
  - Fibrocollagenous
    - Dense
      - Regular
        parallel
        withstand forces in one direction
      - Irregular
        interwoven collagen and elastin fibres
        withstand forces from different directions
    - Areolar/Loose
      - abundant in ground substance
      - many cell types
      - some collagen and elastin fibres
    - Reticular
      - reticulin fibres
      - form a fine network around epithelial cells
  - Cartilage
    - formed from a chondroblast maturing into a chondrocyte
    - ECM made of aggrecan and fibres
    - avascular
    - hyaline
      - lubricate joints
      - nose, ribs, ends on bones
    - fibrocartilage
      - strong
      - IVDs and knee joint
    - elastic
      - ear and epiglottis
      - thin and flexible
  - Bone
    - osteoprogenitor to osteoblast to osteocyte
    - ECM is osteoid
      - 25% organic - collagen and GAGs
      - 75% inorganic - hydroxyapatite
- Diseases
  - Rickets
    - Vitamin D deficiency
    - bone softening
    - causes weak bones
    - treated with vitamin D supplements
  - Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome
    - inherited
    - defect in collagen synthesis
    - effects the following structures
      - skin - stretchy, fragile, bruising
      - joints - hyperflexability, dislocation
      - bones - osteopenia, osteoarthritis
      - ligaments - stretchy
      - blood vessels - fragile, aneurysm, stroke
The Skeleton
- Axial
  - skull
    - bones
      - parietal
      - temporal
      - frontal
      - mandible
    - fetal skull
      - contains suture lines filled with cartilage
      - soft spot
        overly soft - dehydrated
        hard - intercranial pressure
    - functions
      - protection
      - special senses
      - uscular attachment
      - upper respiratory/digestive tracts
    - mastication muscles
      - massater
      - temporalis
      - lateral and medial pterygoid
  - thoracic cage
    - formed from 12 ribs and the sternum
    - protects thoracic viscera
    - helps with breathing
    - main muscle is the diaphragm
    - 3 intercostal muscles
      - innermost
      - internal
      - external
    - each space between the ribs contains a intercoastal vein, artery and nerve.
  - vertebral column
    - 5 regions
      - cervical - 7
      - thoracic - 12
      - lumbar - 5
      - sacral - 5 (fused)
      - coccygeal - 4 (fused)
    - curvature
      - kyphosis - thoracic curve
      - lordosis - lumbar curve
      - scoliosis - lateral curve
    - vertebrae
      - vertebral body
      - vertebral foramen
      - superior articular process
      - transverse process
      - spinous process
      - lamina
      - pedicle
      - inferior articular process
      - each section of the column have different morphology
    - intervertebral disc
      - annulus fibrosis surrounds the outside of the disc
        concentric lamellae, fibrocartilage
      - nucleus pulposus makes up the centre of the disc
        hydrophilic, gelatinous ball
      - aid movement
      - shock absorbers
      - a slipped disc is when the nulcleus pulposus leaks into the vertebral foramen and presses on the spinal cord
- Appendicular
  - upper limb
    - regions
      - axilla
      - arm/brachium
      - cubital fossa
      - forearm/antebrachium
    - pectoral girdle
      - subscapular fossa
      - glenoid cavity
      - coracoid process
      - clavicle
      - supraspinous fossa
      - spine
      - acromian
      - infraspinous fossa
      - musculature
        trapezius - shrugging
        levator scapulae - shrugging
        major and minor rhomboids - abduction
        latissimus - shoulder retraction
        deltoids - flexion, extension and adduction
        pectoralis - protraction
        serratus anterior - clamps the scapula to the ribs
    - movements
      - flexion/extension
      - ab/adduction
      - circumduction
    - winged scapula
      - damage to the long thoracic nerve
      - inhibition of nerve stops stimulation of serratus anterior
    - rotator cuff muscles
      - reinfirce joint capsule
      - hold humorus in cavity
      - supraspinatus - abduction
      - infraspinatus - lateral rotation
      - teres minor - lateral rotation
      - subscapularis - medial rotation and adduction
    - discolations
      - shoulder
        excessive extension and lateral rotation
        drops inferiorly and medially
      - elbow
        falling on outstretched hand with elbow flexed
        posterior and superior
        damage to ulnar/radial nerve can paralyse each half of the hand
    - elbow
      - hinge joint
      - humeroulnar
      - humeroradial
      - proximal radioulnar
      - collateral ligaments reinforce the radius and ulnar
      - annular ligament sits over the radius and hold it in place next to the ulnar to allow supination and pronation
      - muscles
        biceps brachii - supinator flexor
        brachiallis - flexor
        triceps brachii - exetensor
      - epicondylitis
        golfers elbow - medial
        tennis elbow - lateral
        inflamation of muscle insertion points
  - lower limb
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Cavity
  - protects nervous system
  - cranial cavity - brain
  - vertebral cavity - spinal cord
- Ventral
  - houses internal organs
  - thoracic cavity
  - abdominopelvic
    - abdominal
      - stomach, intestines, spleen, liver
      - trauma
        evisceration
        laceration can cause organs to protude from the body
        closed injuries
        blunt trauma
        without breaking the skin
        compression trauma caused by deceleration forces
      - organs
        hollow
        structures that materials pass through
        when lacerated contents spill into the peritoneal cavity
        contents when spilt cause peritonitis
        solid
        perform chemical work of the body
        high blood content causes severe haemorrhage if lacerated
        injury can be overshadowed by shock
        liver injury
        second most common
        difficult to manage surgically
        associated with other injuries
        spleen injury
        common in car accidents
        infection it becomes enlarged
        pain present in left shoulder - refered pain
        pain in lower left ribs
        kidney injury
        rarely seen
        well protected area
        forceful blow/penetrating injury
        abrasion, contusion, laceration or haematoma in the flank
        fractures to lower ribs or lower thoracic/upper lumar vertebrae
    - pelvic
      - bladder, reproductive, rectum, anal canal
      - split in 2
        greater pelvis superior to pelvic brim
        lesser pelvis between pelvis inlet and outlet
        pelvic brim separates
      - there are many differences
      - pelvic floor
        structure
        muscular layer
        3 midline orifices
        function
        supports viscera
        resists intra abdominal pressure
      - female reproductive organs
        primary
        ovaries
        secondary
        external
        labia major and minor
        pubis
        clitoris
        ducts
        uterine tubes
        connect ovaries to uterus
        infundibulum - funnel shaped, fimbrae on edges
        ampulla - site of fertilisation
        isthmus - most medial portion
        uterus
        3 layers - peri, myo and endo metrium
        anatomy - fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
        disposition
        anteflexed
        excessive anteflexion
        retroverted retroflexion
        retroverted anteflexed
        fibroids
        non-cancerous growths
        variable size and location
        symptoms - pain and bladder and bowel problems
        treatment - myomectomy, uterine artery embolism and hysterectomy
        vagina
        glands
        greater vestibular gland
        injury
        rarely damaged
        exception is during pregnancy
        maternal changes
        obstruction of vena cava
        increasing maternal blood volume
        uterus is thick and muscular - distributes trauma uniformly to fetus
      - male reproductive organs
        primary
        testes
        enclosed in scrotal sac
        scrotal sac
        ductus deferens
        blood vessels
        nerves
        enclosed in muscular sheath
        secondary
        external
        penis
        scrotum
        ducts
        efferent ductules
        vas deferens
        ejaculatory duct
        urethra
        glands
        seminal vesicle
        prostate
        sits under bladder
        urethra passes through
        4 lobes
        transurethral resection of prostate
        resectoscope - electric current is run through a loop of wire to heat it
        cuts away section of prostate
        benign prostatic hyerplasia
        bulbourethral
        composition of semen
        sperm - 3-5% - testes
        semen - 65-75% - seminal vesicles
        prostatic fluid - 25-30% - prostate
      - Injury
        pelvis
        blunt trauma
        skeletal damage - pubis fracture
        life-threatening haemorrhage
        potential organ damage
        bladder
        rupture - unrine spills into cavirty
        sudden deceleration can shear bladder rom urethra in males
    - peritoneum
      - serous membrane surrounding the cavity
      - visceral lines the organs
      - parietal lines the body wall
      - peritonal cavity filled with fluid to reduce friction
      - ascites - build up of fluid in the cavity
    - quadrants
      - right upper
      - left upper
      - right lower
      - left lower
    - regions
      - right/left hypochondriac
      - right/left lumbar
      - right/left iliac
      - epigastric
      - umbilical
      - hypogastric
  - separated by the diaphragm

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Description: Undergraduate Degree BMSC1110 (week summary) Mind Map on Week 2, created by 06watkinse on 17/12/2013.
Created by: 06watkinse
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