Classical conditioning wk11

Classical conditioning wk11

1. associative learning

   • Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning – Learning of the association between two or more
   • Instrumental (Operant) conditioning – Learning of the association between a behaviour and its consequence
     • Cognitive-Social Learning – Emphasises cognitive aspects of learning and social learning – Modelling (vicarious learning) is reproducing the behaviour observed in others

2. Unconditional stimulus (UCS):

   • a salient stimulus that will elicit an unconditional repsonce regardless of an organisms prior learning history
     • Classical conditioning can change behaviour, physiology, emotions, and cognitions • Changes in behaviour include – Gill withdrawal reflex in the sea slug Aplysia – Freezing response in rats – Avoidance behaviour in humans and other animals – Preferences or avoidance in humans
       • PHYSIOLOGY- Increased heart rate, skin conductance responses, and muscle tension during a conditioned stimulus paired with an aversive stimulus
       • EMOTIONS. Conditional stimuli paired with an aversive event are rated as less pleasant and more arousing than they were before conditioning – Neutral stimuli paired with a “liked” stimulus becomes more liked after conditioning
       • COGNITIONS- Increased expectancy of the unconditional stimulus when the conditional stimulus is presented (law of prediction) – Formulation of plans or reactions to conditional stimulus (e.g., how to avoid impact of unconditional stimulus)
   • conditional repsonce
     • a neutral stimulus that acquires an ability to elicit a conditional responceafter pairings with an unconditional stimulus
     • Fundamental classical conditioning phenomena
       • Acquisition (or training) – The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus – The conditional stimulus will acquire the ability to elicit a conditional response
       • Extinction – The process of presenting the conditional stimulus on its own after acquisition – The unconditional stimulus is not presented – The conditional stimulus will gradually lose its ability to elicit a conditional response
       • Spontaneous recovery – If there is a break after extinction, a conditional response will be shown upon another presentation of the conditional stimulus – This “spontaneous recovery” response will typically be smaller than before extinction – The longer the delay, the larger the spontaneous recovery
         • reemergence of conditional response after a while- no real reason why.the recovery is not complete - it is only partial. how much we get depends on the length of the inteveal large interval = larger sponteanous recovery
       • Types of acquisition ( in order of strong to weaker acquisition of the CR)
         • Delay conditioning
           • Trace conditioning
             • Simultaneous conditioning
               • The CS and UCS occur at the same time
               • backward conditioning
                 • The CS onset occurs after the UCS onset
                   • less effective- unconditional stimulus 1st then conditional stimulus- slow to take if at all due to reversed. can be used as a control in the lab.
                 • TIP: ID the neutral, then the UCS is the CAUSE the UCR is the effect. the conditioned reponse could be the same as the unconditional stimulus
             • The CS onset precedes the UCS onset and ends before UCS onset
               • gap / space in time tween offset of conditional stimulus and onset of unconditional stimulus. tends to be less effective. longer the delay then the less and less affective the trace conditioning will be
           • The CS onset precedes the UCS onset
             • the strongest and largest , most effective in allowing learning is the Delay condition
               • Stimulus generalisation
                 • A conditional response will be elicited by other stimuli that are similar to the original conditional stimulus – The conditional response is not usually as large as it is to the original conditional stimulus
                   • Generalisation gradient: The more similar the stimulus to the original conditional stimulus, the larger the conditional response
                 • Stimulus discrimination
                   • A conditional response is elicited only by the conditional stimulus paired with the unconditional stimulus, it is not elicited by other similar stimuli – Requires that the conditional stimulus is paired with the unconditional stimulus, whereas the other stimuli are not – The less similar the stimuli are to the conditional stimulus, the easier stimulus discrimination is
                   • Higher order (second order) conditioning –
                     • A conditional stimulus may serve as an unconditional stimulus. ie tone is paired with meat powder then a light is paired with tone

3. single trial learning- got it once and then its remembered. mutli-trial is learning over couple times