Settlement

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Cairo

Positives of rapid growth - large purchasing power which has helped economy & never shortage of people willing to do low paid jobs (e.g. Zabbaleen - waste collectors)

LAND POLLUTION - 10,000 tonnes of waste produced per day - but only 60% collected - rest rots in street - many rat/vermin problems spreading disease.

AIR POLLUTION - caused by tranpsort and industry - suns rays blocked by smog - many children suffer Vit D deficiency. In Shoubra el Kheima - high levels of lead concentration - cause tooth decay and lung problems

HOUSING PROBLEMS - housing overcrowded - 60% of population in shanty dwellings - inc. "City of Dead" a cemetery - up to 1million believed to live here - no connections to water/sewage.

NOISE POLLUTION - high noise levels due to millions of vehicles, nightclub boats on the Nile (Saraya al Gezira) and loudspeakers for the call to prayer.

WATER POLLUTION - many streams and irrigation canals filled with plastic bags of solid waste and 80% of industrial waste discharged into Nile.

23% do not have access to fresh water

25% not connect to sewage mains.

Effects of Growth Cairo

has 25% of Egypt's population and population grows at 500,000/yr.

Rural-urban migration has also led to its growth - people moving from poor undeveloped areas of Egypt.

Cairo is also seen by some as part of a 'step-migration' before moving to Gulf countries.

Increased life expectancy - 41 (1960) to 70 (2010) and a high natural increase with a BR of 30.6/1000 and a death rate of 7.3/1000 - has led to very rapid growth.