Popes and Papacy - created from Mind Map

Page 1

Leo I (Leo the Great) Chapter 5

Gregory I (Gregory the great) Chapter 6

Leo III Chapter 7

John XII Chapter 7

Gregory VII (Hildebrand) Chapter 8

Urban II Chapter 8

Innocent III Chapter 8/9

Leo IX Chapter 8

Gregory IX Chapter 8

Clement V Chapter 9

Gregory XI Chapter 9

Urban VI Chapter 9

Martin V Chapter 9

Alexander VI Chapter 9

Leo X Chapter 10

Clement VII Chapter 10

Paul III Chapter 10

Peacemaker, defended against Atila the Hun and Vandals from North Africa

Called Council of Chalcedon and stated that Jesus has both human and divine nature

Council also initiated east west break by elavating the patriarch of constantinople to second in authority (Eastern Emperor could interfere more with religious matters)

Did a bad job as prefect of Rome (couldn't feed the people) so he became a monk. Once elected as pope, he hid for 3 days before finally accepting his role

Fed poor using Church's profits from farming, wrote numerous letters, encouraged bishops to open schools for priests, introduced music to the mass, sent a mission to Britain and peacefully made alliances and converted barbarian tribes.

Crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans" thus separating east and west

Begged King Otto I for help against Roman Nobles. When he arrived, Pope John crowned him "Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Wanted to free the Church from secular control. He ruled against lay investiture

Excommunicated Henry IV over an argument after the ruling. Henry then outside the castle in a penitential garb in the snow for 3 days and asked for repentance

Eventually his work led to the Concordat of Worms (after his death)

Initiated the first crusade in 1096 to help free Byzantine territory from Turkish Muslims. They would then go on to take Jerusalem from the Saracen Muslims

The most powerful Medival Pope

Called fourth crusade that vandalized the most beautiful christian city, Constantinople on a stopover on their way to the holy land.

Sent his representative to talk to Patriarch Michael about east west tensions. Leo died before they reached an agreement and Humbert, his representative, excomunicated Michael without papal authority, causing east west break in 1054

Began Papal Inquisition in 1232 to systematically convert Heretics. Good intentions gone awry as many people were scared and some were condemned to death for a trivial offence.

Similar to crusades, it was an example of how easily religious zeal and good intentions can be turned into great mistakes with tragic outcomes.

Started Avignon Papacy by moving French papal headquarters to Avignon from the Papal States and appointing new cardinals, all of whom were frenchmen. He also changed several Church policies to suit the French King's liking.

Papacy was becoming captive to Nationalism. 7 popes ended up living in Avignon from 1309-1377

Created luxurious and corrupt Papal court. Some saw the Black Death as God's displeasure with the papacy.

Seventh Avignon Pope who brought the Papacy back to Rome when Catherine of Siena pleaded him to. This ended the luxury and corruption of the Avignon Papacy

Gregory XI's successor who was widely considered an illegitamate Pope as he was elected with riots outside yelling at the cardinals not to vote in another frenchman.

Cardinals claimed he was illegitimate and the ran away to France and voted one of themselves as Pope and lived in Avignon, thus making the Church have 2 popes again.

This caused the Papal Schism

2 Papacys met up to discuss the issues but ended up another electing another Pope. Now the Church had 3 Popes, none of them willing to resign.

Holy Roman Emperor called a general Church council and voted Martin as the one and only Pope. This ended the Papal Schism in 1417.

Papacy had been weakened by a hundred years of scandal with the Avignon Papacy then the Papal Schism

Most notorious Renaissance Pope as he had 6 children and openly gave them high positions in the Church.

Simony

Renaissance Pope when Luther was gaining momentum. Luther wrote to him that he was not preaching a heresy but rather discussing Christian teaching. Luther wrote another letter to Leo clarifying th meaning and purpose of indulgences. This resulted in the decline of indulgences in the Church

Pope who refused the annulment for King Henry VIII, leading to the creation of the Anglican Church. (Act of Supremacy made Henry her of Church of England.)

During the time that Henry assumed his role, Paul III was elected into power. He coordinated meetings between Catholics and Lutherans in southern Germany but the meetings fell apart after they started talking about the meaning of the Eucharist

Started the Council\ of Trent which was meant to bring the Protestants back into the Catholic Church and to clearly state the principle teachings of the Catholic Church.

Council of Trent results on Pg. 208