Quiz
Module 51
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Questions in this quiz (19)
1Language is: a set of [blank_start]symbols[blank_end] used to communicate, our spoken, written, or signed words (symbols) and the ways we combine them to [blank_start]communicate[blank_end] meaning.
The [blank_start]jewel[blank_end] in the crown of cognition.
Human [blank_start]essence[blank_end], the qualities of mind that are uniquely human.
Many particular languages but all involve a sender (code) and receiver (decode).- Asymbols
- Bcommunicate
- Cjewel
- Dessence
2Function of Language: Convey [blank_start]thoughts[blank_end] of one person to others.
Theory of [blank_start]Mind[blank_end]: Our mind is our own mind, other people aren't thinking what we are thinking.- AMind
- Bthoughts
3Language [blank_start]Production[blank_end]: [blank_start]Generate[blank_end] and express ideas/thoughts through words or gestures. [blank_start]Speech[blank_end] involves expression of language through generated sounds.
Human language is [blank_start]generative[blank_end], we make up new sentences on the fly to convey ideas.
Language [blank_start]Comprehension[blank_end]: The ability to [blank_start]understand[blank_end] spoken, written, or signed language.- AProduction
- BSpeech
- CGenerate
- Dgenerative
- EComprehension
- Funderstand
4[blank_start]Phonology[blank_end]: The study of how sounds are put together to form parts of speech/words.
[blank_start]Semantics[blank_end]: The study of the meaning of words or phrases in a language.
[blank_start]Syntax[blank_end]: The system or grammatical rules used to combine words in a particular order.
[blank_start]Pragmatics[blank_end]: Practical aspects of speech, ex: timing, emphasis, body language.- APhonology
- BSemantics
- CSyntax
- DPragmatics
5[blank_start]Phonemes[blank_end]: The smallest distinctive sound units of speech, which [blank_start]do not[blank_end] necessarily convey meaning.
All languages of the world = ~[blank_start]850[blank_end].
We are [blank_start]can[blank_end] speak or distinguish them outside of our own language.- APhonemes
- BMorpheme
- Cdo not
- Ddo
- E850
- F750
- Gcan
- Hcan't
6[blank_start]Morpheme[blank_end]: The smallest unit of language that conveys [blank_start]meaning[blank_end]. May be a word, like cat, or a sound that when added to a word alters its meaning, such as "s", which indicates plural. So Cats would have two morphemes.
[blank_start]Lexical[blank_end] Meaning: Dictionary definition.
[blank_start]Metaphorical[blank_end] Meaning: Figurative language.
Context in which a word is used may alter its meaning.- AMorpheme
- BPhoneme
- CLexical
- DMetaphorical
- Emeaning
7[blank_start]Syntax[blank_end]: The rules used to [blank_start]order[blank_end] words/phrases in a sentence.
Generally, syntax does not affect meaning as much as semantics.- ASyntax
- Border
8[blank_start]Pragmatics[blank_end]: In addition to timing and intonation, also includes [blank_start]non-verbal[blank_end] gestures that facilitate communication.
- APragmatics
- Bnon-verbal
9You average about [blank_start]10[blank_end] new words per day, [blank_start]3500[blank_end] per year, around [blank_start]60,000[blank_end] words by high school graduation.
- A10
- B3500
- C60,000
10[blank_start]Prevocal Learning[blank_end] - [blank_start]2-4 Months[blank_end]
- Babies distinguish all phonemes they will later use for language.
- [blank_start]Cooing[blank_end] begins, the vocalization of vowel-like sounds.
[blank_start]Babbling[blank_end] - ~ [blank_start]6 Months[blank_end]
- Meaningless experimental sounds preceding actual words with consonants and vowels, like bababa, gagaga, dadada.
- Not imitation. Babies will produce phonemes they have never heard before.
[blank_start]One Word Stage[blank_end] - ~ [blank_start]1 Year[blank_end]
-Utters single words, mostly nouns. May begin to make noises that resemble the correct word, such as do for dog.
[blank_start]Telegraphic Speech[blank_end] - [blank_start]2 Years[blank_end]
- Simple two-word sentences omitting all but essential words, such as want mommy.
- Syntax is consistent, such as big doggie.
[blank_start]Pragmatics[blank_end] - [blank_start]3 Years[blank_end]
- Basic understanding of practical information regarding language.
[blank_start]Grammar[blank_end] - [blank_start]4 Years[blank_end]
- Basic rules of grammar are understood without formal education.- APrevocal Learning
- B2-4 Months
- CCooing
- DBabbling
- E6 Months
- FOne Word Stage
- G1 Year
- HTelegraphic Speech
- I2 Years
- JPragmatics
- K3 Years
- LGrammar
- M4 Years
11Language Development is a Nature vs. Nurture debate.
1. Language [blank_start]Acquisition[blank_end] Device: A pre-wired, [blank_start]biologically innate[blank_end], universal ability to develop a language.
Explains:
- Early detection of all [blank_start]phonemes[blank_end] in very young children and the production of [blank_start]universal[blank_end] phonemes in early babbling.
- The ability of children to readily learn any language [blank_start]automatically[blank_end].
- Sensitive/critical periods.
- The [blank_start]generative[blank_end] nature of speech.
- Universal errors made by children - [blank_start]overregularizations[blank_end].- AAcquisition
- Bbiologically innate
- Cphonemes
- Duniversal
- Eautomatically
- Fgenerative
- Goverregularizations
12Nurture - Language is entirely [blank_start]learned[blank_end], like all other behaviours.
- When babies are given rewards, praise or attention, for a word/sound, they are [blank_start]more likely[blank_end] to repeat that word/sound.
- Later, successful communication is [blank_start]reinforcing[blank_end] for any number of reasons.
However, it doesn't explain:
- Why children generate sentences they [blank_start]would not[blank_end] have been reinforced for saying, such as "I hate you daddy"
- Why ability to learn language [blank_start]greatly diminishes[blank_end] after childhood.- Alearned
- Bmore likely
- Creinforcing
- Dwould not
- Egreatly diminishes
13Must look at it as Nature and Nurture, an [blank_start]Interactionist[blank_end] perspective. Both theories are important.
- AInteractionist
14Environment influences on language development:
1. Child-directed Speech "[blank_start]Motherese[blank_end]": Simple, high-pitched, slow-paced, emotion-charged speech used by adults when speaking with babies and young children. May help babies learn words by keeping them [blank_start]interested[blank_end].
2. [blank_start]Grammar[blank_end] development is affected by the environment.- AMotherese
- Binterested
- CGrammar
15[blank_start]Critical[blank_end] or Sensitive Periods
- Developemental period in childhood during which language is [blank_start]easily learned[blank_end].
- Developing brain requires [blank_start]proper stimulation[blank_end] at the right developmental age.
For example:
- The sooner children born deaf recover their hearing, the better their acquisition of spoken language.
- Learning a second language is more difficult with increasing age.- ACritical
- Beasily learned
- Cproper stimulation
16[blank_start]Aphasia[blank_end]: An impaired use of language.
- AAphasia
- BAguasia
- CDisability
- DPhoneme
17[blank_start]Broca's[blank_end] Aphasia
- Trouble with speech [blank_start]production[blank_end].
- Difficulty [blank_start]forming[blank_end] words and inability to speech with proper [blank_start]grammar[blank_end] (agrammatism)
- [blank_start]Meaning[blank_end] of words remains intact, problem is mostly in [blank_start]syntax[blank_end].
- Results from damage to Broca's area, located in [blank_start]left, frontal lobe[blank_end] near the motor cortex.- ABroca's
- BWernicke's
- Cproduction
- Dcomprehension
- Eforming
- Fgrammar
- GMeaning
- Hsyntax
- Ileft, frontal lobe
- Jright, frontal lobe
- Kleft, occipital lobe
- Lright occipital lobe
18[blank_start]Wernicke's[blank_end] Aphasia
- Difficulty in language [blank_start]comprehension[blank_end] and in generating [blank_start]meaningful[blank_end] speech.
- Problem with [blank_start]semantics[blank_end], not [blank_start]syntax[blank_end]. Understanding the meanings of words.
- Results from damage to Wernicke's area, in the [blank_start]left, temporal[blank_end] lobe near the auditory cortex.- AWernicke's
- BBroca's
- Ccomprehension
- Dproduction
- Emeaningful
- Fsemantics
- Gsyntax
- Hleft, temporal
- Iright, temporal
- Jleft, frontal
- Kright, frontal
19[blank_start]Amygdala[blank_end]: Speaking profanity
[blank_start]Right Hemisphere[blank_end]: Understanding figurative speech- AAmygdala
- BRight Hemisphere
- CLeft Hemisphere
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- Description
- Psychology Quiz on Module 51, created by Madison Pretty on 07/02/2017.
- Author
- Madison Pretty
- Language
- English
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