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Cell Structure Intro

Fatima G. 18 questions

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  1. 1 • Cell Types
    ○ There are over [blank_start]300[blank_end] cell types distinguishable by structure, function and location
    ○ Use [blank_start]antibodies[blank_end] for staining in microscopy
    • Cell Structure
    ○ Basic Components
    § Plasma Membrane
    § C[blank_start]ytoplasm[blank_end]
    § N[blank_start]ucleus[blank_end]
    • Plasma Membrane and Components
    ○ L[blank_start]ipids[blank_end]
    ○ P[blank_start]roteins[blank_end]
    ○ C[blank_start]arbohydrates[blank_end]
    Fluid mosaic model of Plasma Membrane
    1. A300
    2. Bantibodies
    3. Cytoplasm
    4. Ducleus
    5. Eipids
    6. Froteins
    7. Garbohydrates
  2. 2 § Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
    § [blank_start]Phospholipids[blank_end] arranged in a bilayer
    □ Fluid inside (cytoplasm) and outside of cell
    § Hydrophobic tails made of [blank_start]fatty acids[blank_end]
    □ Tails have [blank_start]kinks[blank_end] and are [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end], double-bonded
    § Cholesterol is another lipid component that is hydrophobic
    □ Adds fluidity to its [blank_start]steroid[blank_end] structure
    Depending on [blank_start]temperature[blank_end] cholesterol can change fluidity using [blank_start]lipid[blank_end] rafts where cholesterol make them more [blank_start]static[blank_end] and they use to transport receptors around; want proteins to stay near each other for reactions
    1. APhospholipids
    2. Bfatty acids
    3. Ckinks
    4. Dunsaturated
    5. Esteroid
    6. Ftemperature
    7. Glipid
    8. Hstatic
  3. 3 § Integral Membrane Proteins
    □ Can insert partially through
    □ Inserted all the way through membrane are called [blank_start]transmembrane[blank_end] proteins
    □ These can be both hydrophilic or hydrophobic ([blank_start]amphipathic[blank_end])
    § Peripheral Proteins
    □ Can sit on intracellular or extracellular areas of membrane
    □ These are generally [blank_start]hydrophilic[blank_end]
    § Carbohydrates
    □ Can be attached to lipids (glycolipids or glycoproteins)
    □ Always on extracellular surface of membrane
    ® Purposes: signaling, [blank_start]recognition[blank_end]
    ® Don't need to glycolipid types
    ® Phospholipids: Phosphatidylc[blank_start]holine[blank_end], phosphatidyls[blank_start]erine[blank_end], phosphatidyl[blank_start]inositol[blank_end], phosophatidyle[blank_start]thanolamine[blank_end]
    □ Glycolipids
    ® Gluco[blank_start]cerebroside[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Galactocerbroside[blank_end]
    1. Atransmembrane
    2. Bhydrophilic
    3. Camphipathic
    4. Drecognition
    5. Ecerebroside
    6. FGalactocerbroside
    7. Gholine
    8. Herine
    9. Iinositol
    10. Jthanolamine
  4. 4 § Membrane Lipid Structure
    □ Asymmetrical Distribution of Membrane Lipids
    ® Some are in the extracellular space and others are in the cytosol
    ◊ Extracellular:
    } phosphatidylc[blank_start]holine[blank_end]
    } Sphingom[blank_start]yelin[blank_end]
    } Cholesterol
    } Glyco[blank_start]lipid[blank_end]
    ◊ Cytosol
    } Phosphatidyls[blank_start]erine[blank_end]
    } Phosphatidyli[blank_start]nositol[blank_end]
    } Phosphatidyle[blank_start]thanolamine[blank_end]
    § Membrane Proteins
    □ [blank_start]Receptor[blank_end]; sit on outside binds to specific ligand, Ex: transferin and specific ligand
    □ Ion Channels: selective [blank_start]permeable[blank_end]
    □ Integral Proteins
    Transmembrane Proteins
    1. Aerine
    2. Bnositol
    3. Cthanolamine
    4. Dpermeable
    5. EReceptor
    6. Fholine
    7. Gyelin
    8. Hlipid
  5. 5 § Membrane Carbohydrates
    □ [blank_start]Oligosaccharides[blank_end] of glycoproteins and glycolipids found only extracellular surface of membrane
    § Membrane Appearance
    □ Brightfield Miccroscopy
    ® Cell boundaries typically visualized through staining properties of membrane-associated [blank_start]carbohydrates[blank_end]
    □ Scanning Electron Microscopy
    ® Cell boundaries can be visualized through deposition of heavy [blank_start]metals[blank_end] on membrane surfaces
    □ Transmission Electron Microscopy
    ® Cell boundaries visualized through deposition of heavy metals (ie osmium)
    ® Really [blank_start]thin[blank_end] sections of tissue
    □ Plasma Membrane
    The plasma membrane and all intracellular membranes have a similar ([blank_start]trilaminar[blank_end]) appearance and similar biochemical composition (lipid bilayer)
    1. AOligosaccharides
    2. Bcarbohydrates
    3. Cmetals
    4. Dthin
    5. Etrilaminar
  6. 6 □ Membrane Function
    ® Selectively [blank_start]Permeability[blank_end]
    ◊ Molecular passage across the hydrophobic region of the membrane-lipid bilayer
    } Passive Transport:
    – [blank_start]Simple[blank_end] Diffusion (ex. Aquaporin-integral protein water channels)
    w Gases can also pass
    – [blank_start]Facilitated[blank_end] Diffusion (ex. ion channels, binding, may need a protein)
    } Active Transport
    – [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] used here
    ◊ Processes that allow cross of this membrane
    Movement of molecules down concentration gradient
    1. AFacilitated
    2. BSimple
    3. CPermeability
    4. DATP
  7. 7 ® Endocytosis
    ◊ Phagocytosis (cell [blank_start]eating[blank_end]); membrane of cell surrounds particle ie. White [blank_start]blood[blank_end] cells, a[blank_start]moeba[blank_end]
    ◊ Pinocytosis (cell [blank_start]drinking[blank_end]) i.e occurs in ca[blank_start]pillaries[blank_end]
    ◊ Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
    Need a specific receptor to bind to ligand as well as a host of other proteins i.e clathrin on [blank_start]vesicle[blank_end] to enter cell
    1. Aeating
    2. Bblood
    3. Cmoeba
    4. Ddrinking
    5. Epillaries
    6. Fvesicle
  8. 8 § Mitochondria
    □ Electron transport occurs in the [blank_start]cristae[blank_end]
    □ Glycolysis occurs in the [blank_start]matrix[blank_end]
    □ Mitochondria have DNA and [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end]
    □ Most cells contain mitochondria with shelf-like cristae
    □ Steroid-secreting cells contain mitochondria with tubular or vesicular cristae (ovaries, testes, adrenal)
    □ Provide energy for mechanical [blank_start]energy[blank_end] for storing energy from cellular metabolites in high energy bonds of [blank_start]ATP[blank_end]
    □ Citric Acid cycle uses acetyl [blank_start]CoA[blank_end] or fatty acids to generate high energy to drive and eject protons
    □ Proton imbalance causes [blank_start]electrochemical[blank_end] gradient
    Proton imbalance causes flow of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] down the gradient using ATP [blank_start]synthase[blank_end]
    1. Acristae
    2. Bmatrix
    3. Cribosomes
    4. Denergy
    5. EATP
    6. FCoA
    7. Gprotons
    8. Hsynthase
    9. Ielectrochemical
  9. 9 § Endosymbiotic Theory
    □ In this theory, the first eukaryotic cell was probably an amoeba-like cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis and contained a [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] that formed when a piece of the cytoplasmic membrane pinched off around the chromosomes.
    □ Some of these amoeba-like organisms ingested prokaryotic cells that then survived within the organism and developed a symbiotic relationship.
    □ Mitochondria formed when bacteria capable of aerobic respiration were ingested; [blank_start]chloroplasts[blank_end] formed when photosynthetic bacteria were ingested.
    □ They eventually lost their cell wall and much of their DNA because they were not of benefit within the host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot grow outside their host cell.
    □ Mitochondria can arise only from [blank_start]preexisting[blank_end] mitochondria. The eukaryotic nuclear genes encode only some of the proteins of which they are made.
    □ Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome .
    □ Both genomes consist of a single [blank_start]circular[blank_end] molecule of DNA.
    □ Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own protein-synthesizing machinery, and it more closely resembles that of bacteria.
    □ The first amino acid of their transcripts is always [blank_start]fMet[blank_end] as it is in
    □ A number of antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin) that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis within mitochondria and chloroplasts.
    The antibiotic rifampicin, which inhibits the RNA polymerase of bacteria, also inhibits the RNA polymerase within mitochondria
    1. Anucleus
    2. Bchloroplasts
    3. Cpreexisting
    4. Dcircular
    5. EfMet
  10. 10 § Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Components
    □ [blank_start]Porins[blank_end]
    § Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Components
    □ Electron-Transport Chain
    □ [blank_start]Cytochrome[blank_end] C
    □ Mitochondrial ATP [blank_start]Synthase[blank_end] (F1 Subunits, [blank_start]Lollipops[blank_end])
    § Matrix Components
    □ Tricarboxylic Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle [blank_start]Enzymes[blank_end]
    □ Mitochondrial (Circular) [blank_start]DNA[blank_end]
    □ Mitochondrial [blank_start]Ribosomes[blank_end]
    Matrix [blank_start]Granules[blank_end] (Ca++)
    1. AGranules
    2. BRibosomes
    3. CDNA
    4. DEnzymes
    5. ESynthase
    6. FLollipops
    7. GCytochrome
    8. HPorins

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Description
Human Biology Quiz on Cell Structure Intro, created by Fatima G. on 30/08/2019.
Author
Fatima G.
Language
English
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human biology
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