Flashcards
Anatomy & physiology
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1what are the 4 types of anatomical study1)gross anatomy- large/easily observable
2)histology-study of tissue using microscopy
3)cytology-study of cellular structure & function
4)pathology-study and diagnosis of disease - 2difference btw anatomy and physiology?anatomy is the study of structure, physiology is the study of function
- 3what are the 12 different system of the body?1)integumentary
2)skeletal
3)muscular
4)nervous
5)endocrine
6)cardiovascular
7)lymphatic/immune
8)respiratory
9)digestive
10)urinary
11)male repro
12)female repro - 4what is the integumentary system?–external covering of the body; provides physical protection; helps regulate body temperature; the skin.
- 5what is the skeletal system?body’s internal framework; provides support and protection; stores minerals; acts as levers pulled upon by muscles; the bones
- 6what is the muscular system?–body’s means of movement and manipulation; generates heat; the muscles
- 7what is the nervous systembody’s control center and regulatory system; responsible for consciousness and intelligence; the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- 8what is the endocrine system?glands that secrete hormones (chemical messages) into the blood; pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, etc.
- 9what is the cardiovascular systembody’s major transport system; heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- 10what is the lymphatic/immune system?returns fluid to the bloodstream; detects and repels pathogens; lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and more.
- 11what is the respiratory system?delivers O2 to the blood and removes CO2; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- 12what is the digestive system?– transports, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates indigestible remains; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- 13what is the urinary system?eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the blood; regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
- 14what is the male reproductive systemproduces sperm and testosterone; delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract; testes, penis, vas deferenses, prostate gland, seminal vesicles.
- 15what is the female reproductive systemproduces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone; receives, retains, and expels the embryo/fetus/infant; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- 16what are organsdiscrete structures that perform specific defined functions and consist of multiple tissues.
- 17what are tissues?collections of similar cells have a basic function
- 18what are the 4 basic tissues of the body? state their purpose in the body.1)Epithelial-covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
2)Muscular- provides movement
3)Connective-supports and protects body organs
4) Nervous-controls body functions and allows for communication - 19what is homeostasisThe maintenance of a stable, optimal internal environment for body cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
- 20what is a negative feedback mechanism(also know as balancing feedback)? example?the output of the response diminishes the change in the variable. For example, in response to a rise in body temperature, sweat glands increase their production of sweat. Evaporation of the sweat then causes a decrease in body temperature.
- 21what is a positive feeback machanism? Example?-the output of the response augments the change in the variable.
ex. Ferguson reflex during child birth - 223 types of fascia & where they are found?1)superficial-just underneath the skin
2)deep- compartmentalizes the body and surrounds the muscles and viscera
3)subserous- supports organs and provides lubricants - 23what are the functions of the bones?a. Bones actively support the weight of the body.
b. They protect essential organs like the brain and the lungs.
c. They are the levers that are pulled upon by skeletal muscles to create movement.
d. They store minerals such as calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO42-).
e. They are the site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).
f. They provide storage for triglycerides. - 24what does the exterior and interior of a bone consist of?exterior- compact bone
interior- spongey bone - 254 basic types of bonesa. Long bones are longer than they are wide. All bones of the appendages (except for the patellae, carpals, and tarsals) are long bones.
b. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped. Carpals and tarsals are short bones.
c. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones are flat bones.
d. Irregular bones have weird shapes that don’t fit the other designations. The vertebrae and hip bones are examples of irregular bones. - 263 main types of jointsa.Fibrous joints -lack a joint cavity and the bones are linked by dense regular connective tissue.
b. Cartilaginous joints- lack a joint cavity and the bones are linked by intervening cartilage.
c. Synovial joints- have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a connective tissue capsule and the bones are adjoined by ligaments. - 276 types of synovial jointsplane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.
- 283 types of movement of a synovial jointgliding, angular movement, and rotation
- 29what does the endocrine system use for signals?blood borne chemical messengers; hormones
- 303 basic functions of the nervous system?1. Sensory input – it uses sensory receptors to monitor internal and external environments.
2. Integration – it processes sensory information and determines the proper course of action.
3. Motor output – the nervous system enacts a response by an organ/tissue/cell (i.e., an effector) in response to a change in the internal or external environment. - 31what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?1. Central nervous system – the brain and the spinal cord. The primary function of the CNS is the integration and processing of information.
2. Peripheral nervous system – the nervous tissue outside of the CNS (i.e., outside of the dorsal body cavity). Spinal nerves carry information between the tissues and the spinal cord while cranial nerves carry information between the tissues and the brain. - 32what is the PNS subdivided into1.Sensory afferent division – cells carrying information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
2. Motor efferent division – cells carrying commands from the CNS to the effector organs. - 33the motor efferent part of the PNS is subdivided into*somatic nervous system- cells sending signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
*autonomic nervous system-cells sending signals from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. - 34what is the ANS further divided into-sympathetic division(fight or flight)
-parasympathetic division(rest and digest) - 35what is the primary cell of the nervous system? what does it do?neuron- It is responsible for sensing information, integrating and processing, and issuing motor commands.
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- anatomy & physiology study cards
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- Jerika Poole · Apr 2019
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- Apr 8, 2019
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