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Learning topic
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Preguntas del test (38)
1Match the following to their definitions:
I - innate, automatic, made up of eliciting stimuli and response
II - genetic, more complex than I
III - changes in behaviour as part of development
IV - transient discomfort and lowered efficiency, normal reaction to exertion- AI = maturation, II = fatigue, III = instincts, IV = learning
- BI = performance, II = motivation, III = reflexes, IV = instincts
- CI = reflexes, II = instincts, III = maturation, IV = fatigue
- DI = habituation, II = reflexes, III = fatigue, IV = sensitisation
2Which of the following characterise habituation?
- ADecreased response due to repeated stimuli
- BE.g. pre-exposure of rats to cocaine causes them to run more in response
- CStimulus and response specific
- DE.g. fatigue and sensory adaptation
3Sensitisation is where repeated stimuli lead to decreased response.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
4Which of the following are examples of classical conditioning?
- AStickleback mating ritual
- BAppetitive processes e.g. eye blink, food preferences
- CRachman and Hodgson sexual fetishes study
- DSkinner box
- EAversive processes, e.g. fear/taste aversions, anticipatory nausea
- FLittle Albert study
5What is spontaneous recovery?
- AReturn to normal state after experiencing fatigue
- BRevival of CR after period of extinction training and then a delay
- CDecreased response due to repeated stimuli
6Match the following factor affecting classical conditioning to its description:
I - more training produces a stronger CR, asymptotic level of response
II - more salient CS produces faster learning, more salient US produces greater amount
III - small inter-stimulus interval is optimum for learning
IV - probability that US follows CS, higher gives better learning- AI = contiguity, II = intensity, III = frequency, IV = sensitisation
- BI = contingency, II = habituation, III = contiguity, IV = frequency
- CI = frequency, II = intensity, III = contiguity, IV = contingency
7Which of the following were true for Thorndike's studies of instrumental conditioning?
- ALooked at animal commonalities and variance.
- BUsed discrete trial procedures
- CUsed free operant procedures
- DConcluded that behaviour of cats was due to sudden insight
- ECame up with Law of Effect (behaviour influenced by past consequences)
- FSubject was able to make response continuously and no handling stress
8Based on Thorndike, match the following for his Tripartite Contingency:
I = behaviour influenced by its past consequences
II = stimulus controlling behaviour
III = response being reinforced
IV = behaviour's immediate outcome- AI = antecedent, II = behaviour, III = model definition, IV = commonality
- BI = model definition, II = antecedent, III = behaviour, IV = consequence
- CI = consequence, II = reinforcer, III = conditioning, IV = antecedent
9Match the following to their definitions:
I - principle of successive approximation, reinforce behaviours closer to target
II - conditioned performance occurs in presence of cues similar to original CS
III - learning to differentiate between 2 CSs- AI = habituation, II = discrimination, III = shaping
- BI = shaping, II = primary reinforcers, III = sensitisation
- CI = instrumental conditioning, II = generalisation, III = free operant procedure
- DI = shaping, II = generalisation, III = discrimination
10Primary reinforcers are those that get their value through experience.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
11Match up the following types of instrumental conditioning:
I - response --> positive outcome --> response increases
II - response --> terminates aversive outcome --> response increases
III - response --> aversive outcome --> response decreases
IV - response --> terminates appetitive outcome --> response decreases- ANegative punishment, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement
- BPositive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
- CPositive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement
12What will happen if a response is reinforced less reliably (effect of reinforcement schedule)?
- AThe response will be more persistent during extinction
- BThe response will not change
- CThe response will generalise to similar cues
13Match the following reinforcement schedules to their outcomes:
I - frequent and great number of responses
II - response increases in anticipation
III - slower but consistent response pattern- AFixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval
- BFixed variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval
- CVariable ratio, fixed interval, fixed ratio
14Which of these are true for generalisation and discrimination in instrumental learning?
- AWhether a behaviour is followed by a pleasant/unpleasant event and whether the cues linked to the response are still present will determine the probability of response.
- BAccess goal facilitates later trial and error learning.
- CBehaviour is controlled by situational cues only if they signal whether the response is going to be reinforced.
- DGeneralisation - reinforced responses occur in presence of cues similar to original Sd
- EGeneralisation - reinforced responses occur in presence of cues similar to original US
- FDiscrimination - learn to respond only when cue signals that the response will be reinforced (for S+)
15In Hernstein et al.'s (1974) study, pigeons showed discrimination for both realistic and unfamiliar stimuli.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
16In Watanabe et al.'s (1995) study, pigeons were unable to discriminate between Monet and Picasso.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
17What is simultaneous discrimination?
- AWhen both S+ and S- are present
- BWhen Sd is linked with CS2
- CWhen a second CS is paired with CS1
18Which of the following are applications/examples of stimulus learning?
- ALearning by exemplar (e.g. Bhatt et al. pigeon study where had to learn to discriminate between table and chair)
- BTwo-action test (chimps and babies)
- CUsing shocks to extinguish sexual fetishes
- DRazran (1939) study where found strongest generalisation to semantically similar words using lemon juice
- EFor studying, find a quiet spot, limit distractions, use appropriate reinforcers etc.
19In stimulus learning, moving away from the CS will lower the strength of response.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
20Which of the following are examples of social learning?
- ABandura modelling studies
- BLittle Albert
- CStickleback mating behaviour
- DAtkins and Zontall (1998) - quails who saw pecking were more likely to peck than those who saw stepping
- ECapp et al. (2005) more chimps accessed food when given increasing information
21Match the following examples of social learning to their descriptions:
I - access to goal facilitates later trial and error learning
II - more likely to approach if see others
III - try more things when with family and friends
IV - mimic already established behaviour- AGoal enhancement, stimulus enhancement, increased motivation to act, contagious behaviour
- BMimicry, free operant procedure, social contagion, goal enhancement
- CGoal enhancement, stimulus enhancement, social learning, emulation
22Social facilitation is a type of social learning.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
23In the 2-action test, you check if observers copy the model's behaviour. If they do, social learning has occurred.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
24Match the following processes relevant to social learning to their definitions:
I - copy without reference to a goal, replicate regardless of result
II - some understanding of goal but not of specific response required
III - replication of exact response with respect to goal- AMimicry, stimulus enhancement, social contagion
- BEmulation, imitation, mimicry
- CHabituation, goal enhancement, shaping
- DMimicry, emulation, imitation
25According to Bandura's social cognition theory, which of the following are needed for learning?
- ASame sex model
- BSpecific behaviours to be imitated
- CAttention to model
- DAbility to remember actions
- EAbility to reproduce actions
- FA reinforcer
- GMotivation to reproduce actions
26Which of the following are true for motivation?
- AHas an energising effect
- BReflects the steering in Hebb's analogy
- CReflects the engine in Hebb's analogy
- DIs enough in itself to give behaviour
- EProximal sources like instincts and drives
- FDistal sources like fitness of species
- GSecondary sources like a CS2
- HEnough in itself to explain all behaviours
27Which of the following are examples of instincts?
- AStickleback mating ritual
- BAnticipatory nausea
- CA genetically determined response elicited by a sign stimuli
- DFixed action patterns
28Which of the following are true for instincts?
- ABased predominately on environmental influence
- BIntensity/salience of sign stimuli affects action
- CCan occur with a fixed or variable ratio
- DFixed action pattern may be the sign stimuli for a reciprocal response
29Which of these provide the correct sequence for stickleback mating behaviour using instinct theories?
- ASign stimuli --> innate releasing mechanism + biological state --> FAP
- BFAP --> CS1 --> biological state
- Cbiological state --> sign stimuli + IRM --> drive
30William James believed that human instincts are shaped by learning.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
31In the study of female mate selection, high conception risk produced preference for more masculine faces. This contradicts instinct theories.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
32Which of these is the correct sequence under drive theories?
- APrimary sources of need --> tension (D) --> random behaviours --> positive punishment
- BProximal motivators --> random behaviours --> tension --> learning
- CPrimary sources of need --> tension --> random behaviours --> reinforcement of those that reduce drive
33Which of the following are correct criticisms of drive theories?
- AStimulating a drive can be reinforcing
- BThere is an immediate biological need for sex
- CIgnores the role of qualitative differences between reinforcers
- DIn Harlow and Heron's sensory deprivation study, arousal was found to have a hedonic value
- ESalience will affect the intensity of a response
- FThe relationship between arousal and performance isn't linear (being too aroused can interfere with behaviour)
- GDrive reduction isn't necessary for reinforcement
34With long term motivation, the value of a reward increases with delay.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
35Which of the following provide the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
- ASelf-esteem, belonging, safety, self-actualisation
- BPhysiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualisation
- CFood and water, shelter, friendship, community
- DPhysiological, positive social interaction, creative outlet
36Which of the following were on Henry Murray's (1938) list of long term needs?
- AAchievement
- BOpportunity for creativity
- CPower
- DSupport
- EFriendship
- FSafety and security
- GApproval/respect
37High nAch should lead people to attempt to complete harder tasks. So, it peaks at the highest difficulty.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
38Which of these reflect expectancy-value theory?
- ACS = US + CS - UR
- BEU = 1 - PS
- CEU = US x PS = (1 - PS) x PS
- DEU = UR x CS2 + PS
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre Learning topic, creado por sineadclare el 06/11/2014.
- Autor
- sineadclare
- Idioma
- English
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- 8
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