Key Individuals

1. 1Galen?

   1. AHe extended the four humours to the theory of opposites
   2. BThe church agreed with Galen's concept of the body and set up schools promoting his ideas
   3. CHe helps medicine by using rational rather than supernatural ideas
   4. DHis books became the basis of medicine for the next 1500 years
   5. EHe was a surgeon who dissected some humans but mainly animals
   6. FHe hinders medicine because he claimed he had perfected medicine and with the churches support no one could challenge him
2. 2Andreas Vesalius?

   1. AA renaissance doctor who specialised in anatomy
   2. BHe encourages hands on dissection of humans to find out about the human structure
   3. CHe is most important for showing Galen was wrong in some important details of anatomy
   4. DHe published his book "The fabric of the Human Body" in 1543
   5. EHe used the printing press, making his books cheaper and easier to produce
   6. FHe believed Galen was wrong because he had to rely on dissecting animals
3. 3William Harvey?

   1. ABritish doctor who specialised in the circulation of the blood
   2. BProves Galen was wrong - Blood circulates rather than being consumed by the blood
   3. CHad no impact in his time but his work was extremely useful in the future
   4. DHe wrote his book 'A anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood of animals' in 1628
   5. EHis challenge to Galen's ideas was not liked or accepted
   6. FHe was unable to prove his ideas, he was not a surgeon and couldn't use his knowlege
4. 4Edwin Chadwick?

   1. AHe was employed by the poor law commission to write a report on the living conditions and health of the poor in both the town and country areas
   2. BIn 1842 he wrote a report on the Sanitary conditions of the labouring population
   3. CHe concluded that much poverty was due to ill health caused by the foul conditions in which people lived
   4. DHe recommended improving the health of the masses. Prevention was cheaper than curing in the long run
   5. EIn 1848 Public Health Act was put in place but had next to no impact as it was not compulsory
   6. F1875 Public Health Act becomes compulsory and has a much bigger impact
5. 5Edward Jenner?

   1. ADoctor from Gloucestershire who heard from milkmaids that catching cow pox meant you didn't catch small pox
   2. BHe tested the theory and proved that catching cow pox did make you immune to smallpox
   3. CMany opposed his ideas as he was unable to explain how his method worked
   4. DThe idea was a dead end in terms that it is unique that one disease could prevent another
   5. EThe government got involved leading the way for government help in the future
   6. FHe submitted a paper in 1797 describing his experiment, but was told that his ideas were too revolutionary and needed more proof.
6. 6Elizabeth Garrett-Anderson?

   1. AShe was the first British female doctor
   2. BUniversities allowed her to study but refused to give medical degrees to women
   3. CThe college of surgeons and physicians refused to allow women members
   4. DThe Society of Apothecaries didn't forbid women from taking their examinations, in 1865 she gained a certificate which enabled her to become a doctor.
   5. EThe society then changed its rules to prevent other women entering the profession this way.
   6. FAnderson's determination paved the way for other women, and in 1876 an act was passed permitting women to enter the medical professions.
7. 7Louis Pasteur?

   1. AHe was asked by a brewery to investigate thier alcohol, he concluded a micro-organism was growing in the alcohol making it go bad
   2. BHe developed a theory called 'Germ Theory' to prove this he had to challenge the old idea of spontaneous generation
   3. CHe eventually succeeded and in 1861 he finally published his Germ theory
   4. DHe also discovered a new method of vaccination when he discovered a vaccination for chicken cholera
   5. EGerm Theory was a major break through which led others to prove theories and develop medicine further
   6. FBefore the discovery, doctors had noticed bacteria, but they believed it was the disease that caused the bacteria rather than the other way round.
8. 8John Snow?

   1. AHe was a London doctor who did meticulous research in the Broad Street area of London on the effects of Cholera
   2. BHe concluded that cholera was a water born disease and had the handle of the Broad Street water pump removed
   3. COnce the pump handle was removed there were no more deaths from cholera in the area
   4. DMany opposed his ideas as he was unable to prove his theory, the microscope invention proved this 40 years after his death
   5. EThis was a major break through as previously people thought sickness was caused by miasma in the air
   6. FHe also developed an inhaler which made chloroform a safe anaesthetic by limiting the amount inhaled
9. 9Florence Nightingale?

   1. AShe worked as a nurse in the Crimean war
   2. BUsing simple methods. Fresh air, cleaning hospitals and equipment she was able to reduce the deaths of soldiers from 42% to 2%
   3. CWith money raised she set up a training school for nurses in 1860. This increased the value and respect of the nursing profession.
   4. DMany young women now wanted to train as nurses
   5. EShe also wrote many books on nursing and used statistics to support her ideas
   6. Fin 1851, she went to Germany for three months nursing training. This enabled her to become superintendent of a hospital in 1853.
10. 10Howard Florey?

    1. AHe was an Australian who was the team leader on the Penicillin project
    2. BHe brought together a team of experts who were able to isolate the active ingredient of the penicillin notatum mould
    3. CHe got some funding from the British government but the major funding for his project came from the USA in 1941 when they entered WW2
    4. DHoward along with his team were able to produce enough penicillin in 1940 to experiment with its effects on mice.
    5. EThey are responsible for developing penicillin further so that it could be produced as a drug.
    6. FIn 1945 Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

11. 11Alexander Fleming?

    1. AHe noticed the penicillin mould growing in his lab and observed it's antibacterial properties.
    2. BHe was unable to isolate the active ingredients of the mould
    3. CHe did write a paper on the work he had done and the effect that he had noticed
    4. DIn 1945 Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Fleming died on 11 March 1955.
    5. EAlthough he is credited the most for penicillin played the smallest impact in its development for use as a medicine.
    6. FHe visited the team working on penicillin and asked for some of the penicillin which the team stupidly agreed to
12. 12Sahachiro Hata?

    1. AHe was brought into the team that discovered the first magic bullet
    2. BHe went over previous experiments that had proved non-successful and repeated them
    3. CHe discovered that the compound Salversan 606 was an effective treatment against Syphillis
    4. DHe assisted Paul Ehrlich in the discovery of arsphenamine.
    5. EIt was called Salvarsan 606 because it was the 606th drug that Ehrlich tried.
    6. FAfter studying in Germany he took the opportunity to learn about chemotherapy, where he assisted Erlich
13. 13Paul Erlich?

    1. AHe led the team looking for the first magic bullet
    2. BIn 1905 after reviewing some earlier experiments it was found that compound 606 was effective
    3. CThis compound was able to cure Syphilis
    4. DThey called the compound 606 because it was the 606th compound to be tested
    5. EEhrlich popularized the concept of a "magic bullet".
    6. FEhrlich established Chemotherapy - A compound made to selectively target a disease-causing organism.
14. 14Watson, Crick, Franklin?

    1. AThese 3 were the key individuals in the discovery of the structure of DNA
    2. BFranklin and her team worked on X-ray crystallography
    3. CFranklin took the photo that enabled Crick and Watson to put together their model
    4. DWatson and Crick used the work of many others to build the first model
    5. EIn 1962 Crick and Watson, along with Wilkins, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery
    6. FRosalind Franklin had died four years earlier and her pivotal contribution wasn't acknowledged until much later
15. 15Bevan?

    1. AHe was responsible for setting up the NHS in July 1948
    2. BThe NHS was free health care "From Cradle to the grave"
    3. CSome doctors opposed this and continued to treat people privately
    4. DBevan was appointed minister of health, responsible for establishing the National Health Service.
    5. EThe majority of doctors were opposed to the introduction of the NHS as they believed that they would lose money as a result of it
    6. FThe government had estimated that the NHS would cost £140 million a year by 1950. In fact, by 1950 the NHS was costing £358 million

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GCSE (Medicine) HISTORY Test sobre Key Individuals, creado por Chloe.Sharland el 03/05/2014.

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