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6.22
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- 1Give some examples of natural cloning plants?-Bulbs
-Runners
-Rhizomes horizontal stems running underground
-Stem tubers - 2Name some advantages of micro propagation?-Can increase number of rare or endangered plants
-Produce disease free plants
-Rapid production of large yield
-Grow plants otherwise infertile - 3Name some disadvantages of micro propagation?-Large number of plants lost during process
-Expensive process requires skilled workers
-Monoculture genetically identical prone to disease - 4Describe the process of micropropagation?1) Take small sample of meristem aseptic
2) Sterilise sample in bleach
3) Explant placed in sterile culture growth hormones
4) Callus divided up to new cultures new hormones stimulate plantlets
5)Plantlets potted into compost - 5Name some advantages of plant cutting?-Faster time cropping time reduced
-Guaranteed quality of product - 6Name some disadvantages of plant cutting?-Lack of genetic variation in the population
- 7Describe the process of cutting?1) Short stem planted directly into ground
-Use a non flowering stem
3) Make an oblique cut into stem
4) Reduce leaves to 2-4
5) Keep cutting leaves well watered
6) Cover cutting with plastic bag - 8Give an example of cloning in invertebrates?Starfish can regenerate limbs
- 9Give an example of cloning in vertebrates?monozygotic twins early embryo splits into two
- 10Describe the process of artificial twinning?1) A cow with desirable traits is treated with hormones so she super ovulates
2) Ova can be fertilised naturally or AI then embryo is flushed out of the uterus
3) When the cell is 6 days old still totipotent cells split to produce smaller embryo's
4) Then the split embryo's are grown in a lab for a few more days then implanted into the surrogates uterus - 11Why is the process of artificial twinning different in pigs?-A number of cloned embryos are implanted to create a larger litter to prevent one from being rejected/ reabsorbed
- 12Describe the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer?- Nucleus is removed from a somatic cell of an adult animal
-Nucleus is removed from mature ovum from other female
-Nucleus of the adult somatic cell is placed into the enucleated ovum
-Mild electric shock then the cell begins to divide
-The embryo is then transferred into the uterus of a third animal - 13Arguments for animal cloning?-Enables high yield for farmers
-Can clone specific animals
-Potential to enable rare endangered or even extinct animals - 14What are the arguments against animal cloning?-SCNT is a very inefficient process can take many eggs to produce a single cloned offspring
-Many cloned embryos fail to develop
-Cloned animals have a shorter life span - 15What is bioremediation?Using DNA manipulation to produce GE microorganisms synthesising drugs such as insulin and antibiotics and the use of biological systems to remove soil and water pollution in processes
- 16Why are microorganism good to use?-No welfare issues to consider
-Enormous range of microorganisms capable of carrying out many different chemical syntheses
-Microorganisms have a short life cycle and rapid growth
-Nutrients required of microorganisms are often very simple and relatively cheap - 17Describe how yeast is used and works?The active yeast mixture is added to flour and other ingredients mixed and left in a warm environment
-Dough is knocked back
-Cooked in a hot oven the C02 bubbles expand so the bread rises more yeast cells are killed during cooking - 18Describe the sequence of events fro brewingMalting
Mashing
Fermentation
Maturation
Finishing - 19What is maltingBarley germinates producing enzymes that break down starch molecules down to sugars which yeast can use seeds then killed by slow heating but enzyme activity to retained to produce malt
- 20What is mashing?Malt is mixed with hot water and enzymes break down starches to wort hops are added for flavour and antiseptic then the wort is sterilised and cooled
- 21What is fermentation?Wort is inoculated with yeast temperature maintained for optimum anaerobic respiration. Eventually yeast is inhibited by falling pH build up of ethanol and lack of oxygen
- 22What is maturation?The beer is conditioned for 4-29 days at temperatures of 2-6 in tanks
- 23What is finishing?The beer is filtered pasteurised and then bottled or canned with the addition of carbon dioxide
- 24Describe the process of cheese making?1) Milk is pasteurised and homogenised
2) Mixed with bacteria cultures chytozin enzyme milk separates into curds and whey
3) Curds cooked in the whey then strained
4) Curds placed into drums and pressed left to dry and mature before being eaten - 25How does the process of cheese making differ for cottage cheese?Curds are separated from the whey packaged and sold
- 26Describe the process of yoghurt making?1) Skimmed milk powder added to milk the mixture is then pasteurised and homogenised and then cooled
2) Milk added bacteria cultures
3) End of fermentation yoghurt placed into cartons
4) Yoghurt placed in pots and are fermented may place sterilised fruit - 27What bacteria is added to yoghurt?Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Streptococcus thermophilus - 28Give some advantages of using microorganisms to produce human food?-Microorganisms reproduce fast and produce protein faster
- High protein level
- Can be genetically modified to produce protein required
-No welfare issues
-Can be made to taste like anything - 29Give some disadvantages of using microorganisms to produce human food?-Need sterile conditions and that can add to costs
-People have concerns about consuming GM food
-Many people dislike to idea of eating microorganism
-Has little flavour needs additives - 30Name some of the conditions used to produce penicillin?- Mixture is continuously stirred to keep oxygen in it
- Rich nutrient medium used
-Growth medium contains a buffer to maintain temperature at around 6.5
-Bioreactors are maintained at about 25-27C - 31Name some of the problems with animal insulin?-Supply was erratic dependent on the demand for meat
-Some people allergic to animal insulin
-Peak activity is several hours after injection meant calculating meal times difficult
-Faith groups not permitted pig products - 32Describe the process of using natural organisms during bioremediation?Many microorganisms naturally break down organic material producing co2 and water e.g. sewage and crude oil. During deepwater nutrients added to encourage microbial growth oil dispersed into smaller particles to give large surface area for microbial action
- 33Describe how GM organisms are used in bioremediation?Develop GM bacteria which can break down or accumulate contaminants eg bacteria has been engineered to remove mercury from water
- 34Describe how you inoculate broth?1) Make a suspension of bacteria to be grown
2) Mix a known volume with sterile nutrient broth
3) Place cotton wool in the flask to prevent contamination
4) Incubate at suitable temp and shake regularly - 35Describe how you inoculate agar?1) Sterilise the wire inoculating loop in Bunsen burner
2) Dip loop in bacteria and make zig zags on surface of agar
3) Replace lid sealing with tape not completely in order to allow o2 in and incubate at a suitable temp - 36What is the lag phase?Slow increase in number of bacteria
Bacteria are adapting to there new environment - 37What is the log phase?Exponential increase
Bacteria are near producing at the maximum rate ideal conditions. Primary metabolite production at highest rate - 38What is the stationary phase?Population levels off
Bacteria reproduction and death rates are constant. Low nutrient concentration high waste material concentration. Secondary metabolites produced, molecules made but not essential for survival. Primary sugar source ran out not used for growth - 39What is the death phase?When the population decreases
Death rate greater than reproduction rate. - 40What are some factors which prevent exponential growth in a culture of bacteria?-Nutrients available
-Oxygen levels
-Temperature
-Build up of waste
-Change in pH
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- Descripción
- A level Biology Fichas sobre 6.22, creado por Grace Wingrove el 22/09/2017.
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- Grace Wingrove
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