Fichas
Reproduction
Fichas del conjunto (50)
- 1What is the normal breeding season of Mares? What is the imposed breeding season?November to March
1st September to early December - 2What occurs during the spring transition period?Follicles develop and regress due to insufficient LH
Irregular teasing patterns
Ends at 1st ovulation - 3How can you advance the onset of spring transition?Add artificial lights to create 16 hour daylight 2-3 months before desired ovulation period
Progestagens - 4How long is a mares oestrus cycle?21 days with day 0 as ovulation
- 5What are oestrus behaviours?Quiet and calm, ears forward, nuzzling, posturing, leaning, moving to stallion, raising tail, urination and clitoral winking
May tease other mares and gelding - 6How do you detect which stage of the reproductive cycle the mare is in?Transrectal ultrasound
- 7What follicle size can indicate close to ovulation?>35mm
- 8How can you induce ovulation during oestrus?hCG given when follicle >35mm, teasing and good endometrial folds
- 9What does fluid in the uterus post breeding mean?Small amounts are normal
Large amounts is endometritis and requires treatment - 10When does implantation occur?Day 40-45
- 11When can pregnancy diagnosis occur from?Day 14 or later
- 12What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy? What produces it?Maintenance of early pregnancy
Corpus luteum - 13What is the role of equine chorionic gonadotrophin in pregnancy? What is a potential side effect? What produces it?Resurgence of primary CL and lutenisation of secondary CLs
Prevent pregnancy for 3 months if lost foetus
Endometrial cups (for 3 months) - 14When can you confidently confirm pregnancy?D45
- 15How can you diagnosis pregnancy?Rectal palpation
Transrectal ultrasound (detect twins)
eCG (false positives)
Oestrogen sulphate - 16What are the two types of endometritis?Persistent post breeding in older mares with no bacteria
Infectious endometritis - 17What is persistent post-breeding endometritis?Delayed clearance of the normal response to semen and seminal plasma that causes infertility
- 18How do you diagnosis endometritis?Ultrasound, speculum exam, cytology, culture and sensitivity
- 19How can you treat endometritis?Oxytocin, PG to return the mare to oestrus, lavage, antibiotics, and can use iodine but may cause irritation
- 20How do you prevent endometritis?Minimise contamination with single breeding close to ovulation, hygienic practices, oxytocin and lavage, exam soon after breeding
- 21What are the concerns with twins?Most abort or only deliver one live weak foal, dystocia, damage to uterus
- 22How does the horses body try to deal with twins?Embryo reduction before day 40 but not reliable
- 23How would you manage a mare to risk the chance of twins?Record if double ovulater in the past, breed close to ovulation, record uterine cysts, ultrasound around day 14
- 24How can you treat twin gestation?Crushing of one twin, preferable before day 20
If detected late then there is a risk of damage to both, can abort and rebreed mare before day 35
Fetal reduction, injection, abortion, cervical dislocation, do nothing - 25What is the appearance of the foetus and placenta of an EHV virus abortion? What is the frequency of abortions?Fresh foetus
Single abortions or abortion storms - 26What is the prevention for EHV abortions?Dont mix pregnant mares with other horses
Isolate new arrivals
Minimise stress
Vaccination - 27What is the appearance of the foetus and placenta with placentitis?Large area of discolouration by cervical star
Assess placental thickness and may see pus pockets
Faetal septicaemia and severe autolysis - 28What is the treatment of placentitis?Broad spectrum antibiotics
Synthetic progestin
Anti-inflammatories
Treat for remainder of pregnancy - 29What are the indications for castration?Prevent breeding
Reduce masculine behaviour
Physical appearance - height and neck
Disease of the testicle - 30What should you consider before castration?Physical exam
Both testes and no inguinal hernia
Fractious animals
Tetanus - 31When can standing castration be preformed?Docile stallions with well developed testes
Avoid ponies, donkeys and mules - 32What is the typical induction and maintenance protocol for a horse castration?Premed Xylazine
Induction with ketamine and diazepam
CRI/top us with Ketamine and Xylazine - 33With emasculators, should the cutting or crushing blade be closer to the patient?Crushing (nut to nut)
- 34How are equine castrations closed?Left open to heal by second intention
- 35What are the benefits of closed vs open?Closed reduces risk of peritonitis, avoids evisceration, removes diseases involving tunic, fast
Open and half closed allows separate emasculation of vessels and inspection of cord
Open also requires less tissue dissection, however has a higher risk of peritonitis and evisercation - 36What is the typical aftercare of a castration?Tetanus toxoid (+/- vaccine)
Restrict activity for 24 hours then activity to reduce oedema
+/- antibiotics
Isolate from mares for 2 days - 37What are the potential post op complications of castration?Haemorrhage
Evisercation
Omentum
Oedema
Septic funiculitis or peritonitis
Clostridial infection
Penile damage
Hydrocele
Masculine behaviour - 38When should you be concerned about haemorrhage after a castration?Streams for 15-30 minutes
Dripping of blood for a few minutes is of no concern - 39How would you treat haemorrhage after castration?Sedate horse and clamp stumps then remove the following day
Pack inguinal canal and scrotum with gauze then suture or clamp the scrotum
Last resort is IV administration of 10mL of 10% formalin - 40How do you treat evisceration?Emergency
Wrap intestines in moist clean towels or ideally plastic impervious surgical drape
Refer to surgery - 41What do you do if omentum is out the castration site?Preform a rectal to ensure no intestine going through vaginal ring
Emasculate omentum
Box rest for 48 hours
May need to close external inguinal ring - 42How can you treat oedema?Scrotal ablation or vigorous exercise
- 43How can you treat septic funiculitis?Antimicrobials and re-establishment of drainage
Removal of infected stump and leave incision open - 44What is the treatment of a Clostridial infection?High dose of penicillin, NSAIDs, analgesics, supportive therapy, radical debridement of necrotic tissue and establishment of scrotal drainage
Antitoxin if tetani or botulinum - 45What is the treatment of a hydrocele?Surgical removal of the vaginal sac proximally
- 46How long can a decrease in libido take after castration?2 months
- 47How do you treat continued masculine behaviour?Likely just part of the normal social interaction between horses
- 48What is paraphimosis? What are the causes? How do you treat? What is the possible sequelae?Inability to retract penis
Trauma, haematoma, castration
Bandage and massages, antiflammatory creams or oinment, systemic anti-inflam, cold therapy, surgery
Oedema increased weight that can cause permanent pudendal nerve paralysis - 49What is priapism? What are the causes? How do you treat? What is the possible sequelae?Persistent erection
Phenothiazines eg acepromazine
Massage, medical management or surgery
Oedema can cause fibrosis - 50What is pneumovagina? How do you treat it?Air is sucked into vagina due to conformation defects or trauma
Treat with a caslick
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- Equine Fichas sobre Reproduction, creado por Siobhan Ellis el 19/10/2017.
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- Siobhan Ellis
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