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Attachment
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- 1AttachmentAn emotional bond between two people that endures over time.
- 2Reciprocitybasis for a child's development and shapes future relationships
a description of how two people interact. mother-infant interaction is reciprocal in that both infant and mother respond to each other's signals and each elicits a response from the other. e.g. if the infant smiles, the mother will smile in response - 3Studies on Reciprocity-Mothers tend to pick up on and respond to infant alertness around two-thirds of the time (Feldman and Eidelman 2007)
-Around 3 months the interaction tends to be increasingly frequent: involves close attention to each other's verbal signs and facial expressions (Feldman 2007) - 4Interactional Synchrony (IS)Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a coordinated (synchronised) way.
- 5Studies on Interactional Synchrony (IS)-Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study of IS in infants as young as 2 weeks. An adult displayed 1/3 facial expressions / distinctive features. child's response was filmed + identified by observers. An association was found between the expression/gesture the adult had displayed and the action of the babies
- 6Eleanor Maccoby (1980) characteristics of attachmentSeeking proximity - the desire to be close to the person.
distress on separation - separation anxiety.
Pleasure on reunion - joy when reunited with them.
General orientation of behaviour -behaviour evolves around them. - 7Shaffer and Emerson (1964) Study of attachment (Part 1)Aim: to investigate the age at which attachment developed and to who it was directed to
Method: studied 60 working class Glaswegian babies - 5-18 months, 31 male, 29 female. The babies and mothers were visited at home every month for the first year and again at 18 months - 8Shaffer and Emerson (1964) Study of attachment (Part 2)tested separation anxiety by asking about the baby's protest behaviour in 7 situations (e.g. being left in a room, being left with others and left in a pram outside of a shop)
they tested stranger anxiety by approaching the baby and noting at what point they get distressed - 9Shaffer and Emerson (1964) Study of attachment (Part 3)Findings: between 25-32 weeks old 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards primary attachment
children attach at 6-8 months - they attach to the highly responsive and interactive person
by 18 months 87% had multiple attachments with others - 10Shaffer and Emerson (1964) Study of attachment (Part 4)conclusion: proposed that attachment develops in 4 stages
0-2 months Asocial stage: behaviour to humans and objects are quite similar.
2-7 months indiscriminate stage: know difference between humans and objects, prefer familiar to the unfamiliar, prefer social stimuli e.g. smiles and hugs - 11Shaffer and Emerson (1964) Study of attachment (Part 5)7-24 months Specific attachment stage: monotropy attachment, shows separation and stranger anxiety
8+ multiple attachments: secondary attachment, in S&E study 29% of children had secondary attachments within a month of forming monotropy - 12Shaffer and Emerson Evaluation- good external validity - experiment was conducted in people's homes, and the 7 situations was based on actual situations
-Longitudinal study - 13Shaffer and Emerson Criticisms (Part 1)-conducted in 1964; not a recent experiment so it cannot show whether the stages are the same for now
-limited sample; only studies 60 Glaswegian babies, ungeneralisable or representative - 14Shaffer and Emerson Criticisms (Part 2)-not controlled; observed at home making it unreliable and could produce unreliable data due to poor control of extraneous variables and demand characteristics
- 7 situations doesn't really explore the ranges of attachments - 15Role of the father (Part 1)- S&E: by 18 months 31% had 5+ attachments. mother was main one for half, father was for most of the others
- in uk, fathers adopt a more play-mate role, encouraging risk taking e.g. physical games - 16Role of the father (Part 2)- Grossman (2002) most infants prefer contact with father when in a positive mood and want to play
- 17Cultural factors- men were expected to be breadwinners and not to have direct involvement int their children's care
- view continued in some social groups - 18Social Policy-in UK, fathers only recently received paternal leave rights
- their leave is not as long as a mothers - 19Biological factors-Heerman (1994) men lack emotional sensitivity to infant cues that women offer because women's hormone, oestrogen, increases emotional response to other's needs
-Frodi (1978) contradicts this; says men's psychological response is the same as women's. - 20The Child - Age and Gender Influences (Part 1)-Freeman (2010): male children are more likely to prefer their father as an attachment figure.
>children are most likely to attach to their father during late childhood to early adolescence
>infants + young adults are less likely to seek attachment to their fathers - 21The Child - Age and Gender Influences (Part 2)Manlove (2002): temperament - fathers are less likely to be involved with infant if infant has a difficult temperament
-Freud: girls attach to their father as part of the Electra complex, resolves itself when they internalise the mother's personality to form their own superego
-boys vice versa in Oedipus complex - 22Lorenz's (1952) Geese-divided a clutch gosling eggs into 2 groups
-one group was left with the mother goose, other was kept in an incubator
-When incubator group hatched the first moving thing they saw as Lorenz
-They followed him everywhere even if returned to their mother and other goslings -they imprinted his image in their brain - 23Lorenz (1952) Geese conclusions-identified that there's a critical period for imprinting
-Applied it to humans - if infants do not bond with the mother during their critical period, they never will - 24Harlow's (1958) Monkeys-used orphan rhesus monkeys to test cupboard love
-put 2 surrogate mothers in the monkey's cage: a wire 'milk' + a cloth 'comfort' mother
- A toy which banged a drum was placed in the cage to scare the monkey
-when stressed the monkey ran to the comfort mother - 25Harlow's (1958) Monkeys conclusion- Monkeys sought comfort from the cloth mother when frightened regardless of which one dispensed milk
-Shows that 'contact comfort' was of more importance ti the monkeys than food was when it came to attachment behaviour
-Study disproves 'cupboard love' theories - 26Classical ConditioningChild learns to associate carer with food. food is an unconditioned stimulus associated with pleasure. At the start, carer is an neutral stimulus that produces no response. when carer regularly feeds the child they become associated with food and becomes a conditioned stimulus which evokes pleasure.
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- A level (Attachment) Psychology Fichas sobre Attachment, creado por Dinah Bennett el 09/11/2017.
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- Dinah Bennett
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