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COM 382 Exam 2
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- 1components/core concepts of Expectancy Violations TheoryExpectancy - what we think/predict should happen nonverbally (ex. eye contact)
Violation valence - attaching some sort of valuation on NV violation, we evaluate the violation of expectation (either positively or negatively) - 2What does the Expectancy Violations theory purport to explain (what is its explanatory objective)? How does it explain it (explanatory mechanism)???
- 3functional approaches to classifying nonverbal behaviorEmblems
Illustrators
Adaptors
Regulators
Affect displays - 4structural approaches to classifying nonverbal behaviorStructural classifications - attempt to classify nonverbal com based on the context
Functional classifications - functions that are being fulfilled by a type of NV com - 5Emblemsbody movements/positions that have particular and precise meaning for a group of people (ex. strike motion used by umpire in baseball game)
- 6Illustratorsbody movements which a company speech and serve to clarify or illustrate what it is that we’re saying (ex. water is this high)
- 7Adaptorsbody movements/positions that serve to facilitate release bodily tension of stress, tension, or anxiety (ex. pacing)
- 8Regulatorsserve to coordinate the back and forth flow of com (ex. raising your hand in a classroom)
- 9Affect displaysbody movements/positions that function to display feelings and emotions of com (ex. grimace, smile, frown)
- 10territoriality (Ardrey) & 3 types (structural)an area (land, sea, or air) or object that an animal defends as an exclusive preserve
Primary - areas of space or objects over which a human being exerts ownership or exclusive control
Secondary - areas or objects over which an individual doesn’t claim ownership or exclusive control but it is typically associated with individual
Public - areas which are open to anyone although people can establish temporary occupancy - 11proxemics & 4 distances (structural)(HALL) distancing behaviors as people interact with one another
Intimate distance - measured between 0-18 in, intimate others/close friends
Personal distance - 18in-4ft, interact with friends/acquaintances
Social distance - 4ft-10/12 ft
Public - 12ft-range of vision - 12paralinguistics (Structural)characteristics of the voice, not what is said but how it’s said
1. Vocal qualities
2. Vocal qualifiers
3. Vocal characterizers
4. Vocal segregates - 13Other structural classifications of structural classifications NV comOculesics - study of eye movement
Chronemics - study of time
Haptics - study of the use of touch - 14Kinesics (Birdwhistel) [functional]Substitute - ex. nodding rather than saying yes
Repetition - NV matches verbal (nodding yes while saying yes)
Accent - ex. banging hand on table - 15What are the three views scholars have taken to conceptualizing nonverbal communication?1. Some com scholars have not made a distinction
2. All behavior, other than words, as long as its perceived by someone else, counts as NV com
3. Others have discounted NV com totally - 16how do humans organize stimuli (4 ways)once we attended to stimuli, we organize and structure it in certain ways
Figure ground - when we’re paying attention to some stimuli and bringing some characteristics to the foreground while leaving some in the background
Proximity - group those things that are close together
Closure - fill in the blanks of things to make stimuli whole
Similarity - groups those things which look alike - 17Personal spacearea of space at which an individual encroached upon starts to feel uncomfortable (no particular distance)
- 18objective perceptionhuman beings are recorders of stimuli, objectively record and report stimuli. Don’t add to or subtract from stimuli
- 19subjective perceptionhuman beings don’t record stimuli, there are various processes where people do add/subtract from stimuli that they encounter
- 20Sensory processes of perception (3 steps)1. Encounter stimuli, 2. Sense the stimuli, 3. Integrative process begins
- 21Integrative process of perception (4 steps)1. Sensation is transmitted to the brain, 2. The brain interprets the sensation (label/categorizes, not stimuli), 3. Meaning is assigned to the sensation, 4. The body responds accordingly
- 22What accounts for differences in perception?- Same person at two different points in time may attached two different meanings to the same exact stimuli
- Physiology
- Past experiences/psychological make up
- Culture: different interpretation of stimuli because we come from different places
Present moods and feelings - 23What factors influences which stimuli we will attend to?Intensity, different than other stimuli, movement, physiological makeup, motivation, habit
- 24What are the 3 implications of how stimuli constructs the worldWe create/construct our world on the basis of how we select, organize, and interpret stimuli
- 25“The Rhetoric” of Aristotle & definition of rhetoric- advanced very little in the study of persuasion since the work done in this writing
- defined rhetoric as the art of discovery in any particular case what is the available means of persuasion - 26Plato’s critique of persuasiondeveloped a theory of persuasion that focused on truth; people will be persuaded by the truth, always include the truth in your arguments
- 27The Sophiststeachers of persuasion in the schools of persuasion in Greece
- 28The Common Placessequences of arranging of arguments, uses of tempo/rhythm of speech
- 29Isocratesreformed Sophist who critiqued the Sophists bc they weren’t focusing on theory development in how to develop an argument
- 30What are Aristotle's 5 "cannons of rhetoric."invention
arrangement
style
memory
delivery - 31inventiona speaker's 'hunt' for arguments that will be effective in a particular speech
- 32arrangement & styleA: 2 parts, intro = capture attention and establish credibility & make clear purpose of speech, conclusion = remind what you've said & leave them feeling good about your ideas
S: use metaphors - 33Memory & deliveryM: good speakers are able to draw upon a collection of ideas & phrases stores in the mind
D: naturalness is persuasive - 34Inartistic & artistic proofsInartistic - means of persuasion that are not inherently tied to the speaker; exist outside of a speaker (ex. oath, contract, torture)
Artistic - inherently tied to speaker, characteristics tied to speaker (ethos, pathos, logos) - 35ethos, pathos, logosE: ethical appeal (credibility)
P: emotional appeal
L: logical appeal - 36Use of enthymeme & what's syllogismshortened syllogism (form of deductive reasoning consisting of major & minor premises and conclusion) that usually leaves the conclusion out
- 37Leon Festinger’s Theory of Cognitive DissonanceBelieved that various cognitive components are in relationship to one another
beliefs, attitudes, etc. that we carry with us and are related to each other in particular ways - 38Consonant vs dissonantConsonant - the cognitive components are consistent with each other (ex. like to smoke, so will smoke)
Dissonant - the cognitive components are not consistent with each other (ex. believe smoking causes cancer, but will still smoke) - 39How is persuasion brought about according to the tenets of the cognitive dissonance theoryPersuasion is brought about by first creating dissonance in the minds of those we wish to persuade, then suggesting how that dissonance can be removed.
- 40What happens whenever we feel dissonance/what do we change?- Change the importance of the issue or the importance of dissonant or consonant cognitions
- Change the proportion of consonant to dissonant relationships (increase the # of consonant relationships & decrease the # of dissonant relationships) - 41What is dissonance & what is it a function of (2)?- when dissonant relationships produce stress and discomfort
- The amount of dissonance we feel is a function of: the importance of the issue/topic of relationships OR
the proportion of consonant to dissonant relationships with regard to an issue - 42communication rule- A rule is indicated by an observed behavioral regularity: when we see a pattern behind human activity, there is a rule that is guiding that activity
- A rule is a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred or prohibited in certain contexts - 434 elements of rules definitions? (followable, prescriptive, contextual, & specifies appropriate behavior)Followable - people have choices to make to either follow or not follow the rule
Prescriptive - rules prescribe behavior, tells us what behavior to enact in particular contexts
Contextual - rules are situationally determined, what may be a rule in one context may not be in another
Specifies appropriate behavior - tells you how you are to behave/communicate, but not how to think - 44What types of rules exist?Idiomatic discourse
Similarity display
Coordinative
Explicit
Implicit - 45Explicit & implicit rulesExplicit rules - learned of the existence after we were told/read about it
Implicit rules - existance of the rule is developed based on the behavior regularity that we observe; we infer that there is a rule based on how we see people interacting with each other - 46Idiomatic discourse, similarity display , and coordinative rulesID - the use the govern the emergence of specialized language in relationships
SD - we tend to have relationships with those who are similar to us (similar values/beliefs)
Coordinative - rules which govern the back and forth flow of com - 47Mead & how the self develops- Credited with the basic ideas behind symbolic interactionism
- His students put together his notes and wrote Mind, Self, and Society
- Claimed that people are actors and not reactors: we think about things before we engage in action/com
- People also assign meaning to actions - 48Blumer & how the self developsWas a student of Mead
Coined the term “symbolic interactionism”
Like Mead, he viewed human as actors and not simply reactors
CHICAGO school - 49Herbert Blumer's 3 basic premises of self- People act towards things on the basis of meaning that they assign to the actions of others
- The meanings which we assign to the actions of others is derived on the basis of interaction with those others
- The meaning we give to the actions of others may be modified through interaction with others; meaning is not always static - 50The self concept (2 parts)The self image - the sort of person we think we are according to the roles that we play in society
The self esteem - the evaluative component of the self-concept, saying something +/- about one’s self - 51What does it mean to be “de-centered?”takes places around 5-7 years, getting away from thinking that we are the center of everything after being exposed to multiple perspectives that are different from our own
- 52How does self concept develop (5 parts)1. Application of the tenets of symbolic interactionism
2. The de-centering of the child
3. Objective and subjective accomplishments
4. Viewing the self as the reflected self (looking glass self)
5. The generalized other - 53Objective vs subjective accomplishmentsO: accomplishment for which no other human judgement is required besides own (ex. seeing basketball going through a hoop)
S: accomplishments for which other human judgement is required (ex. was there good style in putting the basketball in the hoop)
More positive evaluations will impact self esteem over time - 54Schutz’s FIRO theoryFundamental interpersonal relations orientation - when we engage in interpersonal com, we’re also presenting ourselves to them
- 553 basic interpersonal (interaction with others) needs in Schutz’s FIRO theoryInclusion - need to be a part of the activities of others
Control - need we have to exert influence over actions/activities of others
Affection - the need we have to be liked by others - 56Erving Goffman’s Dramatism TheoryBelieved that our com with others is a ‘presentation’ through which various aspects of ourselves are projected to others - the self can be broken down into other selves depending on the situation
- 57difference between Schutz and GoffmanS: argues that our comm behaviors are determined by our needs relevant to relationships
G: says that our com actions are designed to manage the impression others have of us (self is manages by impressions) - 58which situations yield more information than others?In social settings vs solitary (more info in social), informal vs formal (informal), surrounded by similar others vs dissimilar others (dissimilar)
- 593 strategies to cope with uncertainty/obtain information (Berger)Passive strategies -require that the person not get involved with the other person, no F2F interaction
Active strategies - minimum interaction between you and the other person, becoming more involved.
Interactive strategies - interacting with the other person (F2F) - 60What is the norm of reciprocity? What role does it play in self disclosure?obligation to do something back to someone who did something for us, the people involved in a close relationship need to have a balanced amount of reciprocity
Interactive strategies rely on it to gain info - 61What influences whether genuine self-disclosure occurs? (4)Perceived supportiveness - do I perceive that the other person will be supportive/on my side
Respect for the other - do I hold the other in high esteem
Trust for others - if I give sensitive/confidential info, will this person keep the info confidential as well
Relational closeness - how close are we do one another - 62comparison levelProfits = rewards - costs
More rewarding than costly = more profitable relationship - 63Comparison level for alternativesmay chose to stay in an unsatisfactory relationship but chose to stay bc there’s no alternative with someone who can offer me a greater reward than what I’m currently getting
- 64social penetrationthe process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability
- 65the elaboration likelihood model (2 components)central route - message elaboration, the path of cognitive processing that involves scrutiny of message content (high mental effort)
peripheral route - mental shortcut process that accept of rejects a message based on irrelevant cues as opposed to actively thinking about the issue (low mental effort) - 66social judgement theory & 3 components**perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes
latitude of acceptance/rejection/non commitment - 67How do each of Berger’s 8 axioms explain the link between uncertainty and relationship development?they are regarded as self-evident truths that require no additional proof (verb comm, nv comm, information seeking, self-disclosure, reciprocity, similarity, liking, shared networks)
- 68Pearce and Sharp's methods of obtaining information (self-disclosure, confession, revelation)Self-disclosure - occurs when we give info about ourselves to others freely/willfully
Confession - when we give info to others about ourselves but we are under a degree of some sort of threat
Revelation - whenever we reveal info about ourselves and we say something without actually knowing that we’ve revealed certain info - 69Miller & Steinberg's 2 methods of obtaining informationApparent - equivalent to Culpert’s self-description
Genuine - when we do reveal info that we feel is sensitive/confidential - 70Culpert's definitions of self-description&disclosureSelf-description - the com of info that we don’t consider to be confidential/sensitive info. Depends on the person
Self-disclosure - revealing of info that may be confidential - 71Jourard's definition of self-disclosurethe attempt to make ourselves transparent to each other, transparences occur when we give others information that allows them to see us a unique being
- 723 stages of relationship developmentdevelopment, stability, deterioration
- 734 substages of development stage of relationshipsAttention - we attend to someone
Attraction - we become attracted to the other individual, task attraction & social attraction & physical attraction
Adaptation - we adjust ourselves to suit the other person
Attachment - a bond is being formed between the individuals & future orientation - 743 substages of stability stages of relationshipsAvoidance - conscience effort to ignore certain behaviors of sig. other that make us angry/annoyed
Balance - we try to keep emotional support constant, if a person is in need of emotional support you provide the support and vise versa
Directness - statements of liking about the relationship & qualities (usually positive) - 754 substages of deterioration stage of relationshipsInattention - there might be a simple oversight of our partner
Disinterest - once attracted, there is a degree of apathy
Divergence - people start to become 2 separate entities, departure/breaking of the rules
Detachment - physical & psychological separation - 76Attraction theoryAttraction theory - positive, we develop relationships with those who we are attracted to/who we like
Several factors influence attraction:
Proximity - close physical proximity tend to form relationships
Similarity - same attitudes as us - 77Reinforcement theoryplaces an emphasis on rewards rather than attraction (such as material rewards or other rewards, like compliments)
- 78Equity theoryplaces reward and cost as important, but join relationships which partners costs & rewards will be about the same as mine. But, if partner is putting in very little cost but getting a lot of reward, then it is not equitable
- 79social exchange theory & 2 componentsincorporates profit and rewards
Comparison level & Comparison level for alternatives - 80vocal qualities/qualifiers/ characteristics/segregatesQualities - stable aspects of speech/voice
Qualifiers - momentary variations in someone’s speech
Characterizers - aspects associated with the voice that don’t count as words, but have an almost word-like equivalent
Segregates - serve to control the back and forth flow of com
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- Communications Fichas sobre COM 382 Exam 2, creado por Sara B el 02/11/2018.
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