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Communication

Grace Feakes Psychology Undergraduate Inglés 67 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (67)

  1. 1Natural selectionAbility of an organism to survive
  2. 2Sexual selectionAbility of an organism to reproduce
  3. 3Intrasexual selectionMale vs male or female vs female competition over mates
  4. 4In what ways may individuals compete in intrasexual selectionVia fighting, mate guarding (piggy-backing in tree frogs), weaponry or copulatory plugging
  5. 5Intersexual selectionCompetition for mating between sexes (what males do to attract female partners and vis versa)
  6. 6Which sex is more choosy? Why is this?Females as they can maximise reproductive success by selecting the best mate over the highest no. of mates
  7. 7______ are more likely to make themselves attractive to______.1. Males
    2. Females
  8. 8Give 2 examples of males making themselves more attractive to matesElaborate colours of male's scales/plumage
    in pheasants, fish and peacocks
    Stock-eyed flies -> females choose male depending on size of males stocks
  9. 9What genetic characteristic does width of plumage in peacocks show?A good immune system
  10. 10Immediately getting benefit of mate choice is a direct benefit . Give some examples of these benefitsProtection, resources, health, investment/care in offspring
  11. 11Indirect benefits are ______term benefits.Long
  12. 12Genetic fitness as an indirect benefitChild will be than more likely to survive/reproduce
  13. 13What's being described: Choosing someone different to you in terms of genetic makeup as you don’t want high degree of genetic overlapGenetic compatability
  14. 14Availability of the sex which invests most in reproduction limits the rate of reproduction for others in the group. Unequal variance in the ability to reproduce results in females being more choosy of their partnersBateman’s Principle
  15. 15More ______ in population end up childless than _____ due to unequal variance in reproductive success1. Men
    2. Women
  16. 16Explain lek-breeding in birdsMale birds all congregate while female birds choose from the group of males
  17. 17In lonely heart ads men offer more resources than women especially as they get older - what type of benefit is this?Direct benefits to females
  18. 18What is Thorstein Veblen's (1899) theory of leisure class?That people buy fancy things not because they want them but because they want other people to see they have these things (conspicuous consumption)
  19. 19Males with ______ homozygosis have a wider variety of genes.Low
  20. 20Masculinity in male faces is determined by their _____ levelsTestosterone
  21. 21True or false: making composites of variety of face which aren’t symmetrical will produce a more symmetrical imageTrue
  22. 22PheromoneA chemical compound/odor which carries a message between members of the same species which causes an excitatory response
  23. 23Name 3 types of pheromonesSignal, primer and releaser
  24. 24What was the first pheromone to be found in mammals? Which mammal was it found in?Nipple pheromone in rabbits
  25. 25The ______ pheromone causes direct change in behaviour, which is ______.1. Releaser
    2. Involuntary
  26. 26Bombykol is a releaser pheromone found in what animal? What does it cause?Found in silkworm moths and attracts males from up 11km away!
  27. 27Give an example of a releaser in humansBabies' orientate towards maternal breast odor
  28. 28The _____ pheromone cause a change but is much more gradual than that of the ______ pheromone.1. primer
    2. releaser
  29. 29The Witten effect, the Vandenbergh effect and the Bruce effect are examples of ______ effects in _______.1. primer
    2. rodents
  30. 30What's being described: females are exposed to male odour causing their estrous cycles to synchronise. After a couple of days they begin to ovulate at the same timeThe Witten effect
  31. 31What's being described: acceleration of puberty when young females are exposed to malesThe Vandenbergh effect
  32. 32What's being described: pregnant mouse exposed to unfamiliar male aborts pregnancy, the female saves energy as new male may well kill the babies anywayBruce effect
  33. 33Where is the vomeronasal organ located?Inside the nostrils
  34. 34Neurons send messages from the _______ ______ to the ________, causing involuntary physiological responses.1. olfactory bulb
    2. hypothalamus
  35. 35We ________ perceive messages to main olfactory bulb and _______ through the vomeronasal organ.1. consiously
    2. unconsciously
  36. 36True or false: signal pheromones cause involuntary behaviours.False, they don’t involuntarily cause any particular behaviour
  37. 37What's the primary purpose of the signal pheromone?It provides info receiver can use if need be
  38. 38Finding someone genetically different from you produces ____ heterozygous offspringMore
  39. 39Give an e.g. of mammals using odor to interactAnal/genital sniffing HAHAHAH
  40. 40What's being described: men put hankies under their armpits and wave it in front of the women as a courtship ritualBalkan dancing
  41. 41Name a smell greeting in humansEskimo kissing
  42. 42What's being described: any act/structure which alters the behaviour of other organisms, which evolved because of the effect, and which is effective because the receiver’s response has also evolvedSignals
  43. 43Signals must be ______ to sender and receiver/Valuable
  44. 44CoercionForcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by use of some form of pressure/force
  45. 45What's being described: they're used by animals as a guide to their future actions but they haven’t evolved to have an effect on othersCues
  46. 46What did Cresswell, 1993 find in his honest signalling study?Larks will sing when being pursued by a predator e.g. a merlin. Merlins chased non/poorly singing skylarks for longer periods than skylarks who sang well
  47. 47What's being described: something which was once just a cue but overtime has taken on the properties of a signal i.e. hasn’t been design by evolution to be informativeRitualised signals
  48. 48Give 2 examples of ritualisationTerritorial marking with urination
    Flight intention movements in birds – starting to move wings
  49. 49Name the 4 ways in which ritualisation signals differ from cues.1. Conspicuousness – more obvious than a cue
    2. Alerting components – parts of the signal functioning purely to draw attention of another individual
    3. Redundancy – multiple elements to signals which communicate the same thing
    4. Stereotype – performed in specific/repetitive ways
  50. 50Signal efficacyThe idea that signals must meet their destination and elicit a response
  51. 51Mobbing callUsed when there's danger in the env (e.g. a predator) - sorted if everyone comes together and cooperatively attacks/harasses it
  52. 52Batesian mimicryWhen as animal which isn’t either distasteful or dangerous mimics the appearance of one that is
  53. 53Batesian mimicry is an e.g. of what?A dishonest signal
  54. 54What does RRDA stand for?Resources Related Deceptive Alarms
  55. 55Mantis shrimps have large clubbed forelimbs for fighting/fight displays. How can these be deceptive?When they shed their exoskeleton they’re very soft/vulnerable but often give display anyway
  56. 56What did Zahavi propose relating to the handicap principle?Proposed that signals would be honest if they were costly to produce, meaning that only high quality individuals can afford to produce them
  57. 57Why are peacocks trains considered a handicap?Makes bird less mobile and more conspicuous to predators
  58. 58African elephants are sexually active for only part of the year, when they are they go into ______ ______.musth state
  59. 59True or false: if musth male elephant in conflict is smaller than non musth, non musth will more than likely win the fightFalse, even if musth male in conflict is smaller than non musth its still more likely to win
  60. 60Urine dribbling almost permanently, secrete fluids from temporal gland, metabolic rate increases massively (must take on more cals) - these are costs to what type of handicap?Musth in African elephants
  61. 61Give an example of social insects.Honey bees
  62. 62Opportunities for reproduction among worker bees are ________.Limited
  63. 63What's the purpose of the waggle dance in honey bees?Indicates location of food sources including its distance and direction
  64. 64Honey bees use the ______ dance instead of the _____ dance if food source is closer1. round
    2. waggle
  65. 65Humans are able to find beehives much more rapidly if given signals by other birds - this in a example of what?Interspecies communication
  66. 66What are unfakeable signals also known as?Indices
  67. 67Give 3 examples of unfakeable signalsDepth of croak in toads gives honest index of size
    Pitch/roar of red deer also indicating size
    Height of scratch marks left by tigers

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Undergraduate Psychology Fichas sobre Communication, creado por Grace Feakes el 15/12/2014.
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Grace Feakes
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