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Monika Rose Inglés 175 fichas

What junctions? Form fluid-tight seals between cells.

Fichas del conjunto (175)

1A group of cells, usually with similar embryological origin, specialized for a particular function.Tissue
2What tissue? Covers surfaces because cells are in contactEpithelial Tissue
3What tissue? Lines hollow organs, cavities and ductsEpithelial tissue
4What tissue? Forms glands when cells sink under the surfaceEpithelial tissue
5What tissue? Cells with little extracellular materials between adjacent plasma membranesEpithelial Tissue
6What tissue? Apical, lateral, and basal surfaces of cells are modified in various ways to carry out specific functions.Eptihelial tissue
7What tissue? Arranged in sheets and attached to a basement membrane.Epithelial tissue
8What tissue? Avascular but has a nerve supplyEpithelial tissue
9What tissue? High rate of cell division gives this tissue a high capacity for renewal.Epithelial tissue
10What tissue? Can be simple, pseudostratified or stratifiedEpithelial tissue
11What tissue? Cell shapes may be squamous, cuboidal, columnar or transitional.Epithelial tissue
12What type of tissue? Found in the parts of the body where filtration and diffusion is a priority process.Simple Squamous Epithelium
13What kind of tissue? Lines heart and blood vessels.Simple squamous epithelium
14What kind of tissue? Function in secretion and absorptionSimple cubodial epithelium
15What kind of tissue? found covering the ovaries, in the kidneys and eyes, and lining some glandualr ducts.Simple cubodial epithelium
16what kind of tissue? Lines most of the gastrointestinal tract and contains specialized cells that perform absorption and secrete mucus.Nonciliated simple coumnar epithelium
17what kind of tissue? Found in a few portions of the upper respiratory tract, where it moves foreign particles trapped in mucus out of the respiratory tract.Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
18what kind of tissue? contains goblet cells and lines most of the upper respiratory tract.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
19what kind of tissue? Has no goblet cells and lines ducts of many glands, the epididymis and part of the male urethra.Nonciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
20what kind of tissue? Moves mucus in the respiratory tract.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
21what kind of tissue? functions in absorption and protection.Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
22What kind of tissue? Nonkeratinized variety lines the mouth. Karatinized variety lines the epidermis.Stratified squamous epithelium
23Cells at the apical layer of the stratified cuboidal epithelium are...cube-shaped
24What kind of tissue? Found in adult sweat glands and in a portion of the male urethra.Stratified cuboidal epithelium
25What kind of tissue? Protects and provides limited secretion and absorptionStratified cuboidal epithelium
26what shape? Cell of the apical layer of stratified columnar epithelium have ... shape.columnar shape
27What kind of tissue? Found in a portion of the male urethra and in large excretory ducts of some glands.Stratified columnar epithelium
28What kind of tissue? Functions in protection and secretion.Stratified columnar epithelium
29What kind of tissue? Consists of several layers whose appearance varies with the degree of stretching. Lines the urinary bladder.Transitional epithelium
30What is? A single cell or a group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.Gland
31What are? Two types of glandsEndocrine and Exocrine
32Which gland? Secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then into the bloodEndocrine gland
33Which gland? Secrete hormones into ducts or directly onto a free surface.Exocrine gland
34Origin of tissues What are 3 primary germ layers within the embryo?endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
35Tissue derivations Epithelium derivates from which of the 3 germ layers?All 3 germ layers:
endoderm
mesoderm
exoderm
36Tissue derivations Connective tissue derivates from which of the 3 germ layers?Mesoderm
37Tissue derivations Muscle tissue derivates from which of the 3 germ layers?Mesoderm
38Tissue derivations Nerve tissue derivates from which of the 3 germ layers?Exoderm
39What are? Points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes?Cell junctions
40What junctions? Form fluid-tight seals between cells.Tight junctions
41What junctions? Anchor cells to one another or to the basement membraneAdherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
42what junctions? Found where excitation is passed electrically from cell to cell.Gap junctions
(nexi)
43what junctions? Found in the GI tract where movement of water and solutes must be controlled.Tight junctions
(occluding)
44what junctions? Determine cell polarity (separate apical domain from basolateral domain)Tight junctions
(occluding)
45What junctions? Found in muscle cells of heart and gut.Gap junctions
(nexi)
46What junctions? are spot-like junctions that form physical "welds" between adjacent cells.Desmosomes
47what junctions? found in large numbers in deeper layers of the skin.Desmosomes
48what junctions? link the basal domain of an epithelial cell to the basal lamina.Hemidesmosomes
49what junctions? Anchorage juctions that form belt-like junctions associated with actin filaments.Adherens junctions
(Zonula adherens)
50what junction? Allow charged ions to pass from one cell to the next cell.Gap junctions
51Cell processes (projections) Many movable structures which project in a parallel rows from some epithelial surfaces, especially in respiratory and female reproductive tracts.Cilia
52Cell processes (projections) Beat with a wave-like, synchronous rhythm. Propel substances in a consistent direction over the epithelial surface; many of themCilia
53Cell processes (projections) Tiny finger-like projections of the plasma membrane on the lumen side of a tube.Microvilli
54Cell processes (projections) Found in epithelia specialized for absorption.Microvilli
55Cell processes (projections) Increase surface area for absorption, ex. lining of small intestineMicrovilli
56Cell processes (projections) Very long microvilli; found in small numbers in parts of male reproductive system, epididymis. Aid in absorption.Sterocilia
57Cell processes (projections) Long, thin cellular organelles that protrude from the surface of a cell and are used for locomotion; usually found as one projection; Found in spermFlagella
58Cell processes (projections) Don't beat or move things along. Found in clumps instead of continuous carpet. Uncommon in human body.Stereocilia
59Cell processes (projections) Move fluids along a cell's surface.Cilia
60Cell processes (projections) Moves an entire cell.Flagella
61Cell processes (projections) similarities of which projections? -pairs of microtubules -covered by cell membrane -basal body is centriole responsible for initiating assemblyCilia and Flagella
62Cellular Receptors What are 4 basic types of cellular receptors?1. Channel-linked
2. Enzme-linked
3. G-protein-coupled
4. Intracellular
63Which cellular receptor? Also called ligand-gated ion channels; have receptor and transducing functions as part of same protein moleculeChannel-linked receptor
64Which cellular receptor? Interaction of chemical signal with binding site cause the opening or closing of an ion pore in another part of the same molecule.Channel-linked receptors
65Which cellular receptor? Have extracellular binding site for chemical signals.Enzyme-linked receptors
66Which cellular receptor? The intracellular part of the receptor is an enzyme with catalytic activity.Enzyme-linked receptor
67Which cellular receptor? The catalytic activity is regulated by binding of the extracellular signal; binding cause a change in the physiological functioning of the cell.Enzyme-linked repceptor
68Which cellular receptor? Regulate intracellular reaction by use of an intermediate transducing molecule, called G-protein.G-Protein-coupled receptor
69Why are G-proteins called that?Becuase they have bind Guanine-containng nucleotides
70Why are G-proteins sometimes called molecular amplifiers?Because a small number of molecules that attach to the G-protein-coupled receptor can trigger large metabolic effects.
71Which cellular receptor? The muscarinic receptor for the neurotransmitter acetycholineG-protein-coupled receptor
72Which cellular receptor? Substances that bind to these receptors cross the plasma membrane to bind to the receptor.Intracellular receptors
73Which cellular receptor? Many cause activation of a cascade of reactions that produce new mRNA and protein within the cell.Intracellular receptors
74Which cellular receptor? The activated form of the receptor can move into the nucleus and directly interact with nuclear DNA, thereby affecting gene expression by altering DNA transcription.Intracellular receptors
75Cells Composed of basal lamina and reticular laminaBasement membrane
76Cells What holds (epithilium) cells to connective tissue?Basement membrane
77Cells What is a guide for cell migration during development?Basement membrane
78What is Transmembrane protein that enables the cell to recognize and bind specific moleculesReceptor
79There are _________ for hormones, neurotransmitters and certain essential nutrients.Receptors
80What is stimulus-dependent secretion; characteristic of cells specialized for synthesis and release of a large volume of secretion (exocrine glands)Regulated secretion
81What is secretory product is not concentrated in conspicuous secretory granules but is released continuously in small vesicles that fuse with the plasma memebraneConstitutive secretion
82What is a process of information transfer mediated by soluble extracellular chemical stimuli, such as hormones, neurotransmitters or cytokines, that bind to transmembrane receptors at the cell surfaceTransduction
83This starts intracellular signaling events that result in a change in a physiological process.Transduction
84Any type of signaling circuit used by cells to monitor external and internal states in order to effect a change in cell activity.Transduction
85Message is transferred from outside to inside of the cell.Transduction
86What are 2 types of Epithelium?1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandualar epithelium
87Which type of Epithelium? covering & lining OR glandular -epidermis of skin -lining of blood vessels and ducts -lining respiratory, urinary and GI tractCovering & lining epithelium
88Which type of Epithelium? covering & lining OR glandular -secreting portion of glands -thyroid, adrenal and sweat glandsGlandular Epithelium
89What are the 3 layer classifications of Epithelium?1. simple
2. stratified
2. pseudostratified
90What are 4 shape classification of a tissue?1. Squamous
2. Cubodial
3. Columnar
4. Transitional
91Which tissue? -single layer of flat cells -lines blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium) -very thin - controls diffusion, osmosis and filtration -nuclei centrally locatedSimple Squamous Epithelium
92Which tissue? -single layer of cube-shaped cells -nuclei round and centrally located -lines tubes of KIDNEYS -absorption and secretionSimple Cubodial Epithelium
93Which tissue? -single layer of rectangular cells -goblet cells secrete mucus -lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems -microvilli for absorption in GI tractNoncilliated Simple Columnar
94Which tissue? -Single layer rectangular cells with cilia -mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia -found in Fallopian tubesCiliated Simple coumnar epthilium
95Goblet cells are ____________.columnar
96Which tissue? -several cell layers thick -surface cells flat -keratinized cells (skin, epidermis) -nonkeratinized cells (mouth, vagina)Stratified Squamous Epthilium
97What are? Surface cells dead and filled with keratin ex. skin (epidermis)Keratinized cells
98What are? No keratin in moist living cells at surface ex. mouth, vaginaNonkeratinized cells
99Protein substance that makes cells hard and kill the cells.Keratin
100What kind of tissue? -multilayered -surface cells are cuboidal -rare in human body -only found in sweat gland ducts and male urethraStratified Cuboidal Epithelium
101What kind of tissue? -multilayered -surface cells are columnar -rare (very large ducts and part of male urethra)Stratified Columnar Epithelium
102What kind of tissue? -multilayered -surface cells vary in shape from round to flat if stretched -lines hollow organs that expend fro within (urinary bladder)Transitional Epithelium
103Which kind of tissue? -single cell layer -all cells attach to basement membrane but not all reach the free surface -nuclei at varying depths -respiratory system, male urethra & epididymisPseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
104Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development.Glandular Epithelium
105Cells that secret sweat, ear wax, saliva or digestive enzymes into free surface of epithelial layer.Exocrine glands
106Which glands? Connected to the surface by tubes (ducts) except for goblet cells .Exorine glands
107Unicellular glands (goblet cells) or multicellular glandsExocrine glands
108Which glands? Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstreamEndocrine glands
109Which glands? Hormones help maintain homeostatisEndocrine glands
110Ductless glandsEndocrine glands
111A gland that secrets its product onto an epithelial surface (directly or through a duct.Exorine glands
112The surface of the skin or the lumen of a body cavity or tube ex. small intenstineEpithelial surface
113Singled-celled glands ex. goblet cellsUnicellular glands
(Exocrine)
114What glands? Composed of many secretory cells and also cells that form walls of duct.Muliticellular glands
115Simple vs. Compound Gland Gland with a duct that does NOT branch out.Simple gland
116Simple vs. Compound Gland Ducts DO branch out ex. salivary glands, prostate, pancreasCompound glands
117Exocrine glands Shape of the secretory portion resembles shape of duct portion; uniform tubeTubular
118Exocrine glands Shape of the secretory portion is "inflated" compared to the duct portion ex. mammary glandAcinar
(alveolar)
119Exocrine glands Shape of secretory portion is intermediate between tubular and acinar ex. pancreasTubuloacinar
120Glandular secretion These glands release watery sweat by exocytosis ex. saliva, digestive enzymes and most sweat glandsMerocrine glands
121Glandular secretion Apical portion of cell pinches off to be discharged ex. sweat glands in axillary regionApocrine glands
122Glandular Secretion wHOLE cell disintegrates and ruptures to release secretion; oil (sebaceous) glandHolocrine glands
123Glandular Secretion Not functional until puberty.Apocrine glands
124What type of tissue? General term -cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix -contains matrix (fibers & ground substance secreted by cells) -consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid -does not occur on free surface -good nerve & blood supply except cartilage and tendondsConnective Tissue
1252 types of connective tissue cellsBlast & cyte cells
126what type of connective tissue cell? Retain ability to divide and produce matrixBlast cells
1273 types of blast cellsFibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
128what type of connective tissue cell? Mature cell that can NOT divide or produce matrixCyte cells
1292 types of cyte cellsChondrocytes
osteocytes
130what type of connective tissue cell? _________ produce histamine that dilate small blood vesselsMast cells
131what type of connective tissue cell? _______________ develop from B lymphocytes; produce antibodies that fight against foreign substancesPlasma cells
132what type of connective tissue cell? _______________ develop from monocytes (WBC); engulf bacteria & debris by phagocytosisMacrophages
133what type of connective tissue cell? Fat cells that store fatAdipocytes
134Connective Tissue -supports the cells and fibers -helps determine the consistency of matrix (fluid, gel, solid) -contains many large moleculesGround substance
135Connective Tissue Ground Substance ____________ ______ is thick, viscous and slipperyHyaluronic acid
136Connective Tissue Ground Substance _____________ ____________ is jellylike substance providing supportChondroitin sulfate
137Connective Tissue Ground Substance ___________ ___________ bind collagen fivers to ground substance (fribronectin)Adhesion proteins
138What are 3 types of connective tissue fibers?1. Collagen
2. Elastin
3. Reticular
139Connective Tissue Fibers -25% of protein in your body -tough, resistant to pull yet pliable -formed from the protein collagenCOLLAGEN
140Connective Tissue Fibers -smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin -can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape -lungs, ear cartilage, blood vesselsELASTIN
141Connective Tissue Fibers -thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs -formed from protein collagen -spleen and lymph nodesRETICULAR
142Embryonic Connective Tissue -irregularly shaped cells -semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers -gives rise to all other types of connective tissue!Mesenchyme
143Embryonic Connective Tissue -star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance -found only in umbilical cord!Mucous Connective Tissue
144What type of Connective Tissue? -loosely woven fibers throughout tissuesLoose Connective Tissue
1453 types of loose connective tissues1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
146What type of Connective Tissue? -cell types: fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells & few WBC -all 3 types of fibers present: collagen, elastin, reticular -jelly-like ground substanceAREOLAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
147What type of Connective Tissue? -Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet -deeper layer of skin (Subcutaneous) -cusions and isulates internal organs -yellow bone marrow -reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection -brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mithochondria and responsible for heat generationADIPOSE TISSUE
148What type of Connective Tissue? Nucleus displaces to side of cellADIPOSE TISSUE
149If you inherit the abnormal gene from only one parent, you can get the disease.Autosomal Dominant
150What type of connective tissue? -network of fibers and cells that produce framework of organs -holds organs together (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)Reticular
Connective Tissue
151What type of connective tissue? -more fibers present but fewer cellsDense
Connective Tissue
1523 types of dense connective tissue1. Dense regular
2. Dense irregular
3. Elastic
153What type of dense connective tissue? -collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers -white, tough and pliable when unstained -forms tendons -aka white fibrous connective tissueDENSE REGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
154What type of dense connective tissue? -collagen fibers are irregularly arranged (interwoven) -tissue can resist tension from ANY direction -very tough tissue -found in white of eyeball(sclera), dermis of skinDENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
155What type of dense connective tissue? -branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts -can stretch and till return to original shape -lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebraeELASTIC
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
156what type of tissue? -network of fibers in rubbery ground substance -resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissuesCARTILAGE
1573 types of cartilage1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage
158What type of Cartilage? -bluish-shiny white rubbery substance -chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae -no blood vessels or nerves so repair is very slow -reduces friction at joints as articular cartilageHYALINE CARTILAGE
159What type of cartilage? -strongest type of cartilage -many more collagen fibers causes rigidity & stiffness -in intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis (hips)FIBROCARTILAGE
160what type of cartilage? -elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformation -ear, nose, vocal carilagesELASTIC CARTILAGE
1612 types of bone (osseous) tissueSPONGY BONE
COMPACT BONE
162Which type of bone tissue? -sponge-like with spaces and trabeculae -trabeculae = struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow -no osteonsSPONGY BONE
163Which type of bone tissue? -solid, dense bone -basic unit of structure is osteon (Haversian system)COMPACT BONE
164Which type of connective tissue? Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation.BONE (OSSEOUS)
TISSUE
165Which type of connective tissue? -osteon - lamellae rings of mineralized matrix -osteocyotes in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae -Canaliculi (tiny canals) connect cell to cellCOMPACT BONE
166which type of connective tissue? -liquid matrix (plasma) - red blood cells (erythrocytes) - white blood cells (leukocytes) - cell fragments (platelets)BLOOD
167what type of connective tissue? -provide clotting -protection from infection -carry oxygen and carbon dioxide -carry nutrients & hormonesBLOOD
168what type of tissue? -cells that shorten -provide us with motion, posture and heatMUSCLE TISSUES
1693 types of muscle tissuesSKELETAL
CARDIAC
SMOOTH
170which type of muscle tissue? -cells are long cylinder with many peripheral nuclei -multinucleate -visible light and dark banding (looks striated) -voluntary controlSKELETAL MUSCLE
171what type of muscle tissue? -cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei -involuntary and striated -attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomesCARDIAC MUSCLE
172what type of muscle tissue? -spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei -walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder) -involuntary and non striatedSMOOTH MUSCLE
173What type of connective tissue? -nerve cells and neuroglial cells -nucleus and long cell processes conduct nerve signalsNERVE TISSUE
174Signal travels towards the cell lbodyDendrite
175Signal travels away from the cell bodyAxon