Fichas
CHAPTER 9
Fichas del conjunto (36)
- 1INTELLIGENCE AND PERCEPTION: GALTON'S ANTHROPOMETRIC APPROACH- intelligence is something people inherit
-sensory abilities should be an indicator of a person's intelligence - 2ANTHROPOMETRICSmethods of measuring physical and mental variation in humans
- 3INTELLIGENCE AND THINKING: THE STANFORD-BINET TESTintelligence should be indicated by more complex thinking processes such as memory, attention, and comprehension
- 4INTELLIGENCEthe ability to think, understand, reason, and adapt to or overcome obstacles
- 5MENTAL AGEthe average intellectual ability score for children of a specific age
*Binet argued that a child's test score measured their mental age - 6STANFORD-BINET TESTa test intended to measure innate levels of intelligence
- 7INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)calculated by taking a person's mental age, dividing it by his chronological age, and then multiplying by 100
*didn't make much sense when applied to adults - 8DEVIATION IQcalculated by comparing the person's test score with the average score for people of the same age
- 9THE WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALEprovides a single IQ score for each test taker, but also breaks intelligence into a General Ability Index (GAI) and a Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI)
*remains the most common intelligence test in use today - 10GENERAL ABILITY INDEXcomputed from scores on the verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning indices
- 11COGNITIVE PROFICIENCY INDEXbased on working memory and processing speed subtests
- 12RAVEN'S PROGRESSIVE MATRICESan intelligence test that is based on pictures, not words, thus making it relatively unaffected by language or cultural background
- 13ENTITY THEORYthe belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and realatively difficult (or impossible to change)
- 14INCREMENTAL THEORYthe belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice, and effort
- 15EUGENICS MOVEMENTEugenicists believed that abilities like intelligence were inborn, and thus, by encouraging reproduction between people with higher IQs, and reducing the birthrate of people with lower IQs, the overall genetic pool of humankind could be improved
- 16RACE AND IQ CONTROVERSYEven if tests are constructed that are culturally unbiased, the testing process itself may still favor some cultures over others
- 17CHARLES SPEARMANbegan developing techniques to calculate correlations among multiple measures of mental abilities
- 18FACTOR ANALYSISa statistical technique that examines correlations between variables to find clusters of related variables, or "factors"
- 19GENERAL INTELLIGENCE FACTORSpearman believed that general intelligence factor represented a person's "mental energy", reflecting his belief that some people's brains are simply more "powerful" than others
- 20S- a second kind of ability that was hypothesized by Spearman
- s represents our skill or ability level for a given task - 21FLUID INTELLIGENCE (Gf)a type of intelligence used in learning new information and solving new problems not based on knowledge the person already possesses
- 22CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE (Gc)a type of intelligence that draws upon past learning and experience
- 23STERNBERG'S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCEa theory that divides intelligence into three distinct types:
1) analytical
2) practical
3) creative - 24ANALYTICAL INTELLIGENCE"book smarts"
- the ability to reason logically through a problem and to find solutions
- reflects the kinds of abilities that are largely tested on standard intelligence tests that measure g - 25PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE"street smarts"
- the ability to find solutions to real-world problems that are encountered in daily life, especially those that involve other people
- practical intelligence is what helps people adjust to new environments - 26CREATIVE INTELLIGENCEthe ability to create new ideas and generate novel solutions to problems
- 27GARDNER'S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCESa model claiming that there are eight (now updated to at least nine) different forms of intelligence, each independent from the others
- 28THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF INTELLIGENCEwe have an overarching general intelligence, which is made up of a small number of sub-abilities, each of which is made up of a large number of specific abilities that apply to individual tasks
- 29THE HERITABILITY OF INTELLIGENCEoverall, the heritability of intelligence is estimated to be between 40% and 80%
*heritability estimate is not a single, fixed number; instead, it is a number that depends on the sample of people being studied - 30BEHAVIORAL GENOMICSa technique that examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviors, including those related to intelligence
- 31GENE KNOCKOUT (KO) STUDIESinvolves removing a specific gene and comparing the characteristics of animals with and without that gene
- 32THE FLYNN EFFECTrefers to the steady population level increases in intelligence test scores over time
- 33NOOTROPIC SUBSTANCES- substances that are believed to beneficially affect intelligence
1) increases overall arousal and alertness
2) changes the availability of certain neurotransmitters
3) stimulates nerve growth in the brain - 34METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN)a drug that inhibits the re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, thus leaving more of these neurotransmitters in the synapses between cells
*generally prescribed to help people with attention disorders but can boost cognitive functioning - 35MODAFINIL (PROVIGIL)originally developed to treat narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), is known to boost short-term memory and planning abilities by affecting the re-uptake of dopamine
- 36MEDITATION- can improve working memory
- can increase the thickness of the prefrontal cortex
- can improve attentional abilities