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Memory
Fichas del conjunto (59)
- 1Memorycognitive processing ability of recording information and experience in a manner that can be organized and recalled repetitively over time
- 24 Types of Memory1. Declarative
2.Precedural
3.Prospective
4.Episodic - 3Declarative Memory (Generic)-general knowledge
-facts, dates, numbers, images
-typically encoded with language
-requires HC and LAD - 4Procedural Memory-learned skills and operational processes
-memories of step by step actions with sequential organizational patterns
-requires higher level learning abilities
-math problems, recipes, changing car oil
-requires muscle coordination (motor cortex & cerebellum) + HC & LAD - 5Prospective Memory-organizational memory used to recall future dates and tasks scheduled to be completed in advance
-due dates, appointment times
-requires HC and LAD - 6Episodic Memory-memories of specific events of experience
-type of memory most closely influenced by sensory input and emotion
-memories most commonly repressed and "unlocked" by physical sensation
-requires HC (most basic type of memory b/c no language) - 7Flashbulb Memory-type of episodic memory
-memories of events associated with intense emotion (trauma) that can be recalled with vivid detail
-traum activates sympathetic nervous system which initiates release of acetylcholine
-recollection of highly emotional events from the past that appear as though they happened yesterday - 8Serial Position Effect-statistical analysis of memory retrieval accuracy (or retrieval failure) of items in a list based upon their position (location)
-failure most common in middle - 9Primacy Effectstimuli have the highest likelihood of retrieval (an accuracy) when located in the beginning of the list
- 10Recency Effectretrieval accuracy recovers with stimuli that are positioned at the end of the list
- 11Conceptual Memory-memory relative to cognitive schemas
-natural, artificial and hierarchical concepts
-memories of prototypes, schematic contents, and schematic parameters - 12Associative Memory-memory retrieval based upon a stimulus' relative similarity to other stimuli within the schema
-stimuli differences can delay (impair) memory retrieval b/c not like others so forgotten or trigger memory retrieval b/c so different it comes to mind easier - 13Memory Summation-mind's natural tendency to draw conclusions and generalize the contents of a list or schema
-brain's efficient information processing system allows us to "label" schematic categories
(contributor to false memory syndrome) - 14automatically processunconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time and frequency and of well learned information such as word meaning
- 15effortful processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort
- 16rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage
- 17spacing effectthe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice
- 18mnemonicsmemory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization
- 19chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically, to help remember
- 20Model of Memory Processing1. Sensory perception (absorption of sensory stimuli)
2. Transduction (conversion of energy into neural impulses)
3. encoding (neurological creation of memory pathways)
4. Storage (retention of encoded messages [STM/LTM])
5. Retrieval (memory recall and re-encoding back into storage) - 21Stage 1: Encodingthe process of translating transduced neural impulses from sensory registers and arranging them into unique neurological codes that can be retained into memory storage (Hippocampus)
- 22Encoding Specificity Principal-optimal memory is recalled in the same manner in which it was first learned
-the coding sequence used to create a memory also establishes the same neural pathway used to retrieve it
-memory retrieval via alternative neural pathways lead to memory delay or failure - 23Rote Memorymemory recalled verbatim from order in which it was encoded (but can't comprehend)
- 24Mnemonic Devicesencoding technique using unique cues of phrases and words that trigger meanings to larger groups of memory schemas [retrieve quick and fast]
- 25Multi- Sensory Input-organization of stimuli w/ combinations of various sensory singles to increase duration and accuracy of working memory
- 26Stage 2: Storage-the ability to retain encoded neural impulses over a period of time
-"storage facility" is not a structure of brain anatomy
-memories are stores within neural circuitry (2/3 neurons are in cortex) - 273 Levels of Memory StorageSensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory - 28Sensory Memory-initial recordings of environmental information (the RF not to HC yet-most basic)
-filtering and screening stage--> selection of stimuli (time transitions.. RF to pons or thalamus)
[ENORMOUS capacity but with very little duration] - 29Olfactory Memoryunfiltered by RF (bypassed STM) -most powerful sensory trigger for memory (olfactory bulb in parietal lobe)
- 30echoic memoryauditory, 2-4 second duration
- 31ionic memory(vision) - 1/2 second duration
- 32eidetic imagery"photographic memory"
-ionic and permanent storage of an image after only viewing it once-typically associated with audition as well, persistent in <0.07% of adult population
- <5% of child population has but most lose by puberty - 33Short Term Memory (STM)"transitional storage" from sensory level to LTM (limited capacity with limited duration)
-info held about 30 seconds without rehearsal - 34Immediate Retention SpanMaximum amount of information that can be recalled perfectly after just one presentation
(average adult = 7 items) - 35Long Term Memory-various levels of memory retention lasting from several days to years to permanence
*extended duration with unlimited capacity
-w/o routine up keep (consolidation) memories will fade and deteriorate, requires conscious cognitive effort - 36Synaptic Consolidationreinforcing trace memories from sensory experience to STM (RF-HC)
-sensory level to short term memory - 37System Consolidation-transferring short-term memories through hippocampus to promote long term storage (HC-cortex)
- 38Maintence Rehearsalcontinual repetition of info, memory decay becomes delayed as info is encoded by the hippocampus multiple times
- 39Elaborate Rehearsal-relating new info into concepts that are currently part of your working memory
-building upon prior knowledge, translating new concepts into your own words, memories become more permanent when associated with meaningful significance - 40Organizational Systems-promoting long term memory by consolidating info with habit and routine, establishing sequentially ordered systems of step by step procedures promotes rehearsal
- 41Stage 3: Retrievalmemories are retrieved most efficiently when they are recalled using the same neural pathway used when the information was first encoded
-encoding errors--> retrieval errors - 42Context-Dependent Memory Cues-memories that are triggered as a result of reconnecting with a place (context) inn which the memory was experienced and encoded (based upon sensory perception) (recalled memories by returning the where they were created)
- 43State- Dependent Memory Cuesmemories triggered by states of emotion, reconnecting current states of mind to similar emotional states from past experiences
- 44deja vu-83% of people experienced
- neurological "short circuits" within the parahippocampal gyrus regions, memories retrieved at the same time their encoded (common in people with temporal epilepsy) - 45Tip of the Tongue Phenomenonability to recall stored memory but retrieval delay prevents info from becoming verbalized in a timely manner
- 46Recognitionbasic identification of stimuli, people, places and info etc. (familiarity)
- 47Recallindentification with comprehension
- 48University of Chicago Memory Experiment-Recall-
10 yr- 91% success
40 yr- 76% success
-Recognition-
10 yr- 42% success
40 yr- 38% success - 49Infantile Amnesiaimpossible to recall info from early childhood- typically before age 3 because of underdeveloped HC and LAD, lack of language limits memory encoding so tends to be episodic
- 50Memory Repressionpsychosomatic defense mechanism [s. Frued], specific memories and info become blocked from retrieval (motivated forgetting b/c too traumatic to deal with) ( can be unlocked with context/state cues or hypnosis)
- 51Dissociative Amnesiamemory loss resulting from psychological stressors, not physical brain trauma! -similar to repression except entire time periods of memory are blocked (result of psychological stress disorders in which body becomes disconnected from the mind)
- 52Retrograde Amnesiamemory loss due to physical brain trauma, inability to recall info proceding injury. amount of memory impairment is related to the severity of the trauma -memory loss can be entire block or fractured (swiss cheese)
-typically restored as brain heals - 53Anterograde Amnesiamemory loss due to physical brain trauma, damage is located within hippocampal region (inability to encode info and consolidate memories from STM to LTM) "short term memory loss" , inability to create new memories
- 54Memory Decaythe gradual inability to retrieve previously encoded and stored memories from STM or LTM, natural memory loss, erosion of vividness and accuracy of details over time
- 55Hermann Ebbinghausempirical measurement of memory and decay
- Serial Position Effect, Forgetting Curve, Retention Curve - 56Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve-memory decay occurs most rapidly shortly after initial learning
-rate of decay then plateaus and slowly deteriorates over time
- "Spaced Practice" proven more effective then massed practice
-spaced practice does not necessarily increase amount of memory retention but does prolong the natural decay process = memory permanence
(massed practice accelerates the rate of decay) - 57Interferenceconflicts within "working memory" that exist when older and more recent info complete for same limited space
- 58Retroactive Interferenceold memories become distorted when blurred with new information
- 59Proactive Interferenceability to recall recent information is impaired due to distortion with older memories
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- Fichas sobre Memory, creado por aruss16 el 11/11/2013.
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- aruss16
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