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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| What are the four chambers of the heart | left and right atria and left and right ventricle |
| Septum | separates left and right atria and left and right ventricles |
| this ventricle is the largest and strongest chamber in your heart | left ventricle |
| tricuspid valve | regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
| pulmonary valve | controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries,carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen. |
| mitral valve | oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass the left atrium into the left ventricle. |
| aortic valve | oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aortawhere it is delivered to the rest of your body. |
| After flowing through the body, blood enters the heart at the | right atrium |
| From the right atrium, it passes through the______________ valve and into the right ventricle. | right atrioventricular |
| When the right ventricle contracts, it ejects the blood out of the heart through the an--_________ into the pulmonary artery to the lungs | pulmonary valve |
| After passing through the lungs, removing CO2 and picking up oxygen (O2), the blood returns through the _____ ____ to the _____ _____ | pulmonary vein to the left atrium. |
| from the left atrium the blood enters the _____ ______through the left atrioventricular valve. | left ventricle |
| When the left ventricle contracts, blood is ejected through the _____ ______into the aorta and out to the body | aortic valve |
| Systemic circulation | which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
| Oxygenated blood from the lungs leaves | the left heart through the aorta |
| the aorta distributes blood to | the body's organs and tissues, which absorb the oxygen, through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. |
| venules | where deoxygenated blood is then collected |
| blood is then re-oxygenated through | pulmonary circulation |
| pulmonary circulation | which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the _____ _____ through the pulmonary arteries | right heart |
| pulmonary arteries | carry blood to lungs |
| where do red blood cells release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen during respiration | lungs |
| oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through the | pulmonary veins |
| from the pulmonary veins return it to _____ ____ which completes the pulmonary cycle | the left heart |
| Arteries | deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues |
| stressed volume | The blood volume contained in the arteries |
| arteries are _____ ______ and are under ____ _____ | thick-walled, with extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle are under high pressure. |
| Arterioles | smallest branches of the arteries. |
| site of highest resistance in the cardiovascular system | Arterioles |
| have a smooth muscle wall that is extensively innervated by autonomic nerve fibers | Arterioles |
| Alpha1-Adrenergic receptors are found on the arterioles of the | skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations. |
| Beta2-Adrenergic receptors are found on arterioles of | skeletal muscle. |
| Capillaries | consist of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basal lamina. -are thin-walled. |
| -are the site of exchange of nutrients, water and gases in the blood | Capillaries |
| Venules | formed from merged capillaries. |
| Veins | thin-walled. -are under low pressure |
| The largest vein returns blood to the heart. | , the vena cava |
| contain the highest proportion of the blood in the cardiovascular system | veins |
| unstressed volume. | blood volume contained in the veins |
| veins have what kind of receptors | have alpha 1-adrenergic receptors |
| Velocity | directly proportional to blood flow and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area at any level of the cardiovascular system. |
| blood flows from high pressure to low pressure T or F | True |
| -Blood flow is inversely proportional to the resistance of the blood vessels. True or False | True |
| Changes in the capacitance of the veins produce changes in unstressed volume | True |
| Capacitance | the distensibility of blood vessels |
| Capacitance is inversely related to elastance. The greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel, the higher the elastance, and the lower the compliance | True |
| pressure is highest in the aorta and large arteries and lowest in the vena cavae. | true |
| largest decrease in pressure occurs across the arterioles because they are the site of highest resistance. | true |
| Blood pressure | a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. |
| highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle. | Systolic pressure |
| Systolic pressure | measured after the heart contracts (systole) and blood is ejected into the arterial system. |
| Diastolic pressure | is measured when the heart relaxed (diastole) and blood is returning to the heart via the veins. |
| lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle. | Diastolic pressure |
| Pulse pressure | different between the systolic and diastolic pressures. |
| The most important determinant of pulse pressure | stroke volume |
| Decreases in capacitance, such those that occur with the aging process, cause increases in pulse pressure. | True |
| The veins have a high capacitance and therefore, can hold large volumes of blood at low pressure. True or False | True |
| atrial pressure is lower than venous pressure | True |
| Hypertension is caused by | Environmental factors such as dietary Na+, obesity, and stress), |
| Hypertension leads to either | increased total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) by inducing vasoconstriction or to increased cardiac output (CO), or both. |
| what can increase cardiac output or total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR | Sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system |
| Secondary hypertension | can be caused by conditions that affect your kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system; during pregnancy |
| Secondary hypertension occurs in what diseases and disorders | Disorders of the adrenal gland Cushing's syndrome . Hyperaldosteronism Pheochromocytoma polycystic kidney disease Drugs and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Coarctation of the aorta Thyroid and parathyroid problems |
| . Cushing's syndrome | a condition caused by an overproduction of cortisol |
| Hyperaldosteronism | too much aldosterone |
| Symptoms of hypertension | Usually asymptomatic Headache Fatigue Shortness of breath Dizziness Convulsion Changes in vision (Blurred vision, Double vision) Nausea Vomiting Anxiety Increased sweating Nose bleeds Tinnitus - ringing or buzzing in ears Heart palpitations General feeling of unwellness Increased urination frequency Flushed face Pale skin |
| Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure | Captopril, Ramipril Valsartan hydrochlorothiazide, , Felodipine, Benidipine , Propranolol |
| Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure Beta-adrenergic blocking agents | Propranolol |
| Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure calcium channel blockers | , Felodipine, Benidipine |
| Diuretics,Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure | hydrochlorothiazide |
| Angiotensin || receptor blockers (ARBs Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure | Valsartan |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure | Captopril, Ramipril |
| p wave | represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node throughout the atria, |
| pr interval | The period of time from the onset of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex This interval represents the time between the onset of atrial depolarization and the onset of ventricular depolarization. |
| an av conduction block occurs when the P-R interval is longer than | .2 seconds |
| QRS complex | This relatively short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly. |
| Ectopic foci | are abnormal pacemaker sites within the heart (outside of the SA node) that display automaticity. |
| If the QRS complex is prolonged (> 0.1 sec), conduction is impaired within the ventricles True or False | true |
| ST segment | the segment from the end of the S wave to the beginning of the T wave. |
| Which segment is important in the diagnosis of ventricular ischemia or hypoxia because under those conditions, the ST segment can become either depressed or elevated. | ST Segment |
| represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than depolarization | T wave |
| U waves | waves indicates underlying pathology or conditions affecting repolarization. |
| QT interval represents | the entire period of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles. , duration of an average ventricular action potential 0.2 to 0.4 seconds depending upon heart rate |
| tachyarrhythmias have prolonged ________ intervals | prolonged Q-T intervals |
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